Showing papers on "Hemagglutination published in 1972"

The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses.

Abstract: The intranasal inoculation of volunteers with living partially attenuated strains of influenza A and B viruses offers a new opportunity to determine the protective effect of serum haemagglutin-inhibiting antibody against a strictly homologous virus, under conditions where the time and dosage of the infective challenge can be controlled, the scoring of proven infections can be more precise and higher rates of infection can be achieved than in most natural epidemics.In 1032 adult volunteers, whose serum HI antibody titre was determined immediately before virus challenge, there was a consistent inverse quantitative relationship between the HI titre and the likelihood of infection. The PD 50 (50% protective dose) of HI antibody was 1/18-1/36, but an unusual finding was that volunteers with no detectable pre-challenge antibody often seem to be less susceptible to infection than those with pre-challenge antibody in low titre.In one group of volunteers challenged with an influenza B strain there was no evidence that pre-challenge antibody titres against viral neuraminidase had any significant protective effect against challenge infection.

Virus-erythrocyte interactions.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the experimental evidence bearing on the nature of virus-erythrocyte reactions characteristic of several taxonomic groups.. Such evidence is culled from (1) the study of conditions necessary for hemagglutination; (2) the examination of specific factors affecting either the cell or the virion to enhance, alter, or abolish the reaction; and (3) the direct physicochemical analysis of cells, viruses, and “receptor analogs.” The hemadsorption phenomenon also provides evidence for virus-erythrocyte interactions, which is based on the attachment of erythrocytes to infected cells in culture having hemagglutinin at their surfaces. This phenomenon reflects the interaction between erythrocytes and viral envelope components. The major virus groups that react with erythrocytes include myxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, pseudomyxoviruses, adenoviruses, arboviruses, reoviruses, enteroviruses, and miscellaneous hemagglutinating viruse (rubella virus, coronaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and oncogenic viruses). The agglutination of erythrocytes by the direct action of viral particles was first described in connection with myxoviruses. This led directly to the discovery of viral neuraminidase—a property unique to myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. A number of viruses unrelated to myxoviruses have since been shown to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species. The visible result of viral hemagglutination is the “pattern” formed at the bottom of a test tube or well plate by lattices of red cells lightly conjoined by viral hemagglutinin. Hemagglutination serves as a useful direct means of titering intact viral particles or hemagglutinating subunits.

Hepatitis-associated Australia antigen. Protein, peptides and amine acid composition of purified antigen with its use in determining sensitivity of the hemagglutination test.

Abstract: Summary A 0.1% solution of protein from the purified 20-nm particles of hepatitis-associated Australia antigen (HAA) has an optical density of 3.726 at 280 nm. The protein appears to consist of two subunits; it contains a high proportion of proline, leucine and serine and a low content of tyrosine. Depending upon the anti-HAA reagent used, the hemagglutination inhibition assay can detect HAA protein in amounts as low as 1 to 60 ng.

Occurrence of 19s and 7s anti-iggs during hyperimmunization of rabbits with streptococci

Abstract: All 110 rabbits immunized with Group A, A-variant, and C streptococcal vaccines produced 19S anti-IgG in addition to antibodies to the streptococcal carbohydrates. 19S anti-IgG was detected by hemagglutination of rabbit red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-blood group F antibody. Antisera of 88 of these animals were also tested for 7S anti-IgG with a coprecipitation assay. This assay is based on the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with complexes of streptococcal carbohydrate and anti-carbohydrate antibody. 50 of the 88 anti-Group C streptococcal antisera contained 7S anti-IgGs. In eight antisera the concentration was greater than 5 mg/ml. The data suggest a genetic influence on the occurrence of 7S anti-IgG. The eight rabbits which produced more than 5 mg/ml of 7S anti-IgG belonged to three related families. Moreover, there were families in which almost every member produced 7S anti-IgG and other families in which only 30% of the members manufactured 7S anti-IgG. The streptococcal vaccine was an especially efficient stimulus for the production of 19S anti-IgG, whereas the pneumococcal vaccine was much less effective in this respect. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgGs were not detected in antipneumococcal antisera, although the concentration of anti-capsular antibodies was similar to that of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in antistreptococcal antisera.

Studies on the adsorption of certain medium proteins to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and their influence on agglutination and haemagglutination reactions.

Abstract: Serum proteins from Mycoplasma gallisepticum culture medium could be detected on the organisms as a result of incubation at low pH. Only certain of the serum proteins, including IgG and IgM, were found, and the adsorption appears to depress the haemagglutinating activity of the organisms. There was no obvious effect on slide agglutination (SA) sensitivity but an incidental finding was that brief acid treatment enhanced the SA sensitivity of an antigen prepared from a young culture.

Hemolytic interaction of Newcastle disease virus and chicken erythrocytes. II. Determining factors.

Abstract: Standard procedures have been described for measuring paramyxovirus-induced hemolysis. The choice of these procedures is based on the analysis of the behavior of eight different strains of Newcastle disease virus. Significant strain-specific differences in hemolytic activity have been found. The presence of at least two kinds of inhibitors of hemolysis in virus preparations necessitates the use of purified virus when comparisons of hemolytic activities are to be made. In addition, it has been stressed that both hemagglutination titers and hemolysis determinations provide only relative values. Thus, quantitative comparisons can be made only with results obtained on the same day and with the same erythrocyte preparation.

Contact sensitivity to oxazolone in the mouse. VIII. Demonstration of several classes of antibody in the sera of contact sensitized and unimmunized mice by a simplified antiglobulin assay.

Abstract: CBA mouse antibodies to oxazolone were assayed by direct and antiglobulin augmented haemagglutination, using oxazolone coupled sheep erythrocytes. The antiglobulin Coombs' test was simplified by eliminating washing the sensitized cells and running the entire assay in a microtitre plate. Oxazolone antibodies of IgM, IgG1 and IgG2a classes were found in unimmunized mice, and antibodies of significantly higher titre were found in IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b classes of contact sensitized mice. Because the demonstration of oxazolone antibodies in the sera of unimmunized mice required highly oxazolonated SRBC, it was suggested that these antibodies are of relatively low binding avidity.

Immune status of mice tolerant of living cells. II. Continuous presence and nature of facilitation-enhancing antibodies in tolerant animals.

Abstract: CBA mice were rendered highly tolerant to A/Jax cells by neonatal intravenous injections of (CBA x A)F1 spleen cells. The high degree of tolerance was ascertained by the absence of circulating antibodies detected in the sera by the usual tests and by the perfect state of A skin grafts during all the experiments. Tolerant sera (sera from tolerant animals) were studied at three periods of tolerance: before skin test grafting, from 2 to 11 wk after grafting, and at time of sacrifice at almost 6 months of age. The tolerant sera were shown to have specific facilitation-enhancing properties promoting the take and growth of A/Jax sarcoma (SaI and /Sa 15091a grafted on normal CBA mice. These properties were present throughout the duration of the experiments, showing that they were not the result of a beginning interruption of tolerance. The tolerant sera, although lacking the usual serological properties (hemagglutination, hemolysis, cytotoxicity, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) had, however, specific synergistic hemagglutinating properties (increasing the hemagglutinating titer of a reference immune serum). Antibodies giving direct specific hemagglutination could be extracted from spleens of 20% of highly tolerant mice. The tolerant sera were also found to contain more IgG1 and more IgA than normal sera while they contained normal quantities of the complement-fixing immunoglobulins IgG2 and IgM. Fractionation of tolerant sera on DEAE chromatography column confirmed the data concerning immunoglobulin classes and demonstrated direct specific serological activities undetected in unfractionated sera: a weak hemolysis in the most cationic fractions and a weak hemagglutination in the middle fractions. Synergistic hemagglutination, detected in unfractionated serum, was localized in fast anionic fractions containing high IgA concentration, along with facilitation-enhancing activity, thus confirming a link suggested previously between these three properties. The relation between immunological tolerance and facilitating antibodies was discussed in the light of the fact that antibodies, possibly of a particular class continuously present at low dose in the sera of highly tolerant animals, are able to transfer (at least partly) this state of tolerance provided a sensitive test system is utilized.

Serological studies in a student population prone to infection with human papilloma virus.

Abstract: Four hundred and sixty-seven serum specimens from the female students at a residential college were examined for the presence of circulating antibody to human wart virus using the technique of counter-current immunoelectroosmophoresis. A significantly higher incidence of antibodies was found in students with a past history of plantar warts than in any other group. Antibody took several months to develop and was detectable in 20-30% of the students up to 9 years after infection. From a few cases of multiple infection, it was shown that reinfection could occur in spite of the presence of circulating antibodies probably of the IgG class. The sensitivity of the test was compared with two recognized techniques for detection of wart virus antibodies, namely gel diffusion and passive haemagglutination.

Improved hemagglutination test for identifying type A strains of Pasteurella multocida.

Abstract: A simple, improved, indirect hemagglutination test is described for the recognition of Type A strains of Pasteurella multocida. It involves the treatment of mucoid cultures with testicular hyaluronidase. Hydrolysis of the capsular hyaluronic acid presumably releases the specific antigen for adsorption to erythrocytes.

Radioimmunoassay for human antithyroglobulin antibodies. I. The relationship between tanned cell haemagglutination and a double antibody technique.

Abstract: The present study describes a double antibody technique to evaluate antithyroglobulin autoantibodies in human serum. Rabbit anti-human γG is used to precipitate the immunocomplexes between labelled thyroglobulin and autoantibodies. Thyroglobulin has been labelled either in vivo, or chemically by electrolysis of iodide, a procedure which also produced substantial dissociation of the protein. The double antibody technique was compared with haemagglutination of sheep red blood cells coated with human thyroglobulin. A good correlation was established between the tanned red cell haemagglutination titre and the double antibody technique when ‘ in vivo’ labelled thyroglobulin was employed. The use of chemically iodinated thyroglobulin, purified after labelling, increased the sensitivity of the test 100 fold so that 38% of sera from patients with thyroid diseases having negative haemagglutination titres precipitate between 15% and 65% of the labelled antigen. The sensitivity and simplicity of this method provide a useful tool in clinical as well as in experimental work.

A Radioactive Antigen-Binding Assay for Neisseria Meningitidis Polysaccharide Antibody

Abstract: A modification of the Farr technique (see reference 7) was used to develop a highly sensitive and specific radioactive antigen-binding assay for the detection of antipolysaccharide antibody to the groups B and C meningococci. Labeled polysaccharide was extracted from 16-hr culture supernatants of organisms grown in modified Frantz medium containing 14 C sodium acetate. The polysaccharide was precipitated by Cetavlon and purified by CaCl 2 extraction, ethanol fractionation and Sepharose 4B chromatography. The assay was shown to be highly reproducible and group specific. An unexpected cross-reaction was demonstrated between certain anti-B antisera with the group C antigen. Complete agreement was found between the group C antigen-binding assay and the group C hemagglutination test in detecting antibody rises in adults who were asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers, clinical cases or vaccine recipients. Nineteen paired sera from group B meningitis patients all showed antibody rises in the B antigen-binding assay whereas only 14 showed rises by the B hemagglutination test. Only 3 of 11 group B nasopharyngeal carriers showed an antibody response in the radioactive antigen-binding test. In young children immunized with the group C polysaccharide vaccine, the sensitive group C antigen-binding assay demonstrated antibody rises in 93% of the children, most of whom showed borderline or negative response as measured by the hemagglutination test.

Isolation of an adenovirus 32 strain from human brain in a case of subacute encephalitis.

Abstract: SummaryThis report describes the isolation in tissue culture of an adenovirus from the brain of a 42-year-old man dying with radiation-treated lymphosarcoma and a 4.5-week history of neurological disease which, on histopathological evidence, was diagnosed as subacute encephalitis.The isolate, designated the JL strain, was most closely related antigenically to Ad. 32 by NT test and to Ad. 27 by HI test. Type-specific antisera to 31 additional adenoviruses failed to show significant neutralizing or hem-agglutination-inhibiting relationships. Similarly, antisera prepared in rabbits and monkeys inoculated with the JL strain neutralized only homologous virus and Ad. 32 and inhibited hemagglutination of the homologous virus and Ad. 27 to a significant titer.

Hemagglutination by BK virus, a tentative new member of the papovavirus group.

Abstract: Some characteristics of hemagglutination (HA) by the BK virus, a new candidate for the papovavirus group, have been studied. Hemagglutinin prepared from cell cultures was found to be partially masked by inhibitors which could be dissociated from the virus by incubation at 37 C or by fluorocarbon extraction. Optimal conditions for HA are outlined. In routine tests, 0.5% human erythrocytes were used. The reaction was carried out at pH 7.0 on ice-water slurry. BK hemagglutinin receptors on human erythrocytes were found to be more resistant to neuraminidase than polyoma receptors. By gradient centrifugation analysis, two types of particles were found to be responsible for HA: (i) full, deoxyribonucleic acid-containing particles with a density of 1.325 g/cm(3) and (ii) empty capsids with a density 1.29 g/cm(3). Based on particle counting, one HA unit was calculated to correspond to 3 x 10(6) virus particles.

Vibrio fetus infection in man: a serological test.

Abstract: Antigen preparations derived from a typical human strain of Vibrio fetus were employed in four tests. Of these, the indirect bacterial hemagglutination test proved most sensitive. By this test, antibodies titering 320 to 3,200 were found in five of eight patients with confirmed infections. Two patients without antibodies were on antimetabolites. Antigenic relationship with other compounds, and in particular with Brucella organisms, was not observed. No sero-reactors were found among 184 apparently healthy young men; of 401 unselected hospital patients, four had low sero-titers.

Persistent infection of continuous line of pig kidney cells with a variant of the WSN strain of influenza A 0 virus.

Abstract: SummaryRES cells were infected with the RES16 variant of the WSN strain of influenza A0 virus and the culture medium changed at frequent intervals; five lines of cells were established in which infection was sustained for periods of 126 to 146 days. Each line of persistently-infected cells showed recurring cycles of cell degeneration and repopulation; these cultures did not remain in equilibrium with the virus indefinitely, however, and ultimately degenerated.The presence of virus in the RES culture fluids was easily demonstrated for periods of 27 to 105 days in various cell lines using as the indicator intraallantoic inoculation of eggs with hemagglutination by the allantoic fluids. Subsequently this method failed to demonstrate virus, although the continued presence of CPE suggested that the cultures were still infected. By using as indicator of the presence of virus the production of CPE in normal RES or PS cultures inoculated with fluids from the infected lines, it was found that influenza A0 virus wa...

Human antibody response to lipopolysaccharides from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Abstract: Red cells coated with lipopolysaccharides from three different strains of Neisseria gonorhoeae have been used as antigens in a haemagglutination test for gonococcal antibodies. For each strain the geometric mean titre in sera from 50 male and 25 female patients was significantly higher than that in 50 normal controls. The most useful smooth strain, G1, picked out 84% of females and 46% of males from a group of patients known to have gonorrhoea, but only gave 2% positives among controls. The rough strain, G2, gave 10% positives in controls and 31% in patients. The results suggest that the method is worth developing further as a diagnostic test and that strain differences are important. False positives were probably due to cross-reacting antibodies.

The influence of different techniques in characterizing human antibodies to cow's milk proteins.

Abstract: Sera from 760 subjects with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were studied selectively using both primary and secondary antibody assay techniques and different cow's milk antigens. Techniques which demonstrate antibody–antigen binding revealed that the incidence, amount and immunoglobulin class of detectable antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were not significantly different among IBD and control subjects. Only 13 of the 138 sera with the most anti-BSA by primary binding techniques had the capacity to precipitate spontaneously either BSA or antigens in raw (RSM) and pasteurized (PSM) skimmed milk. In passive haemagglutination studies, 41% of these 138 sera had the capacity to agglutinate BSA-coated erythrocytes, while the respective figures for RSM and PSM were 56% and 77%. Only in studies employing the passive haemagglutination of RSM-coated erythrocytes were high titres found more frequently in sera from patients with IBD than in sera from control subjects. Taken as a whole, this study fails to provide evidence for the pathogenetic significance of milk antibodies in IBD.

Studies on the development of immunity: the response to sheep red blood cells.

Abstract: Publisher Summary For cellular immunity the graft versus host reaction has been of primary importance. Numerous systems, involving defined hapten-carrier combinations and bacterial, viral, and cellular antigens, have been discussed in this chapter; the most significant developmental information relating to humoral immunity has come from the studies carried out with heterologous erythrocytes, usually sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as antigen and with the mouse as experimental animal. The reasons for this are primarily technical: (1) SRBC are potent antigenic material; (2) the serum response can be readily measured both by hemolysis in the presence of complement and by hemagglutination; (3) individual antibody-forming cells can be detected by a plaque-forming cell assay that can distinguish between 19S and 7S antibody-forming cells; (4) antigens with varying degrees of crossreactivity are available for controls, in vitro methods exist for obtaining the responses to SRBC both in organ cultures and the application of more sophisticated methods, involving cell fractionation or serial transfer with intervening treatment with antisera can be readily carried out. Moreover, such classical features as sensitivity to the induction of tolerance, feedback regulation by antiserum, thymus dependency, and genetic variability in responsiveness are all applicable to the SRBC system. Tolerance to SRBC can be induced both in neonatal and adult animals, by a prolonged injection schedule, with massive doses of sheep red blood cells. More generally used has been the induction of tolerance, by the combination treatment, with antigen and cytotoxic agents, such as cyclophosphamide.