Showing papers on "Ideology published in 1974"

Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus

Abstract: The debate over cinema and ideology let loose by the spectacular political events in France of May 1968 has transformed Cahiers du Cinema and much of French film thought. Baudry's article, which appeared in 1970 in Cinethique (No. 7-8; translated by permission) is characteristic of the attempts that have been made to criticize the ideological underpinnings of previous film thought, and to ground new work in a more self-conscious and self-critical set of assumptions. This questioning mode of thought turns from what it considers outmoded idealist of phenomenological doctrines toward the type of radical psychoanalytic thinking done by Lacan and toward an explicit sociopolitical analysis of the film-making and film-viewing process. Baudry's article covers a broad range, and at times his points are made in an allusive or even elusive way. Certain key terms and usages have been glossed in the notes. A few irreducible obscurities remain, which the French postal strike has prevented us from clarifying. The article is presented here as a central document in the recent evolution of French film thought.

Legislation, Ideology and Economy in Post-1948 South Africa

Abstract: (1974). Legislation, ideology and economy in post‐1948 South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-35.

The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Tanzania

Abstract: With the recent work of Samir Amin and others, Marxist understanding of African economies has begun to progress; political analysis has lagged far behind however. For too long the ground has been ceded, by default, to the ideologues of establishment political science and to their various permutations on the themes of "political modernization" and "one-party states". This comment applies not merely to "radical Africana" of course. A similar short-fall in radicalism's scientific understanding of the political can be noted with reference to Asia and Latin America as well. The problem of "the state" as it presents itself in the context of "underdevelopment" has been undertheorized and little researched. The present essay seeks to contribute to a further discussion of this issue.

The ABM Issue in the Senate, 1968–1970: The Importance of Ideology

Abstract: Three hypotheses suggesting why senators might adopt or change positions on such an issue as the ABM are compared. The empirical analysis clearly substantiates the contention that position reflects ideology, not party commitment or potential state economic benefits. Furthermore, the influence of ideology is seen to have grown more apparent each year the issue was contested in the Senate. Virtually all the senators who changed position between 1968 and 1970 had initial positions that did not accord with their ideology, and they moved so as to bring them in accord. Virtually all those senators whose initial position was in accord with their ideology maintained that position.

Some Principles of Autobiography

Abstract: CRITICS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY still preside over an unfederated domain, so each feels compelled to begin with a new definition of the genre. We have an ample number of precedents, ranging from hostility to encomia, most of them centering on the relative value of history and art, fiction and fact. Others, tracing the growth of autobiography since the Middle Ages, call it a history of the human mind, reflecting man's rise from dogma to greater individuality. But these views all pack the same evolutionary bias: that recent lives are necessarily more complex, and their stories more challenging; that the content of a life shapes the form of its story, and not the other way around. Of paramount importance to most critics is the autobiographer's ideology or profession, which supposedly influenced the events and values of his book. So the critics customarily divide authors into separate categories and-working like so many vocational counselorsgrade them according to religious denomination or social class. As a result, we learn that a "simple" faith produces a simple narrative, that a soldier writes as a soldier, a poet always as a poet.1 While this definition of autobiography may be useful for social historians, it is hardly a suitable basis for critical evaluation. Some readers have resisted the occupational mode of defining autobiography, preferring a broader and more inclusive scheme of classification. A partial disclaimer appears in Roy Pascal's influential book Design and Truth in Autobiography, which argues convincingly that autobiography is a unique literary form, offering its close readers a complex set of interpretive problems. But Pascal's sensitive analysis of the genre is marred by rather insistent value judgments. The "true" autobiography, in his opinion, tells us not merely of remembered deeds and thoughts, but

Community and ideology;: An essay in applied social philosophy

Abstract: Part 1: Philosophy and Community Work Part 2: Community as Fact and Value Part 3: The Liberal Community and Community Work Part 4: Human Nature, Community and the Concept of Mental Health Part 5: Postscript: Community Work and Social Casework

Enthnography and Administration: a Study of Anglo-Tiv ‘Working Misunderstanding’

Abstract: F 0 R the historian of Africa, ethnographic sources are invaluable in the quest for an understanding of indigenous cultures and institutions. Only in the light of such information can one begin to assess the potential modes of change within and the impact of external forces upon a society. However, if the true value of such material is to be appreciated, it must be viewed within its historical context. Recent articles by Gough, Goddard, Banaji, and others have stimulated considerable interest in the relationship between anthropology and colonialism,2 though the resulting discussion has tended to focus on the impact of the colonial situation on the discipline of anthropology. Colonialism in Nigeria, the extension of British economic and political control over the indigenous population and polities, embodied as a concomitant aspect ideological justifications based on racial and cultural differences. With the establishment of colonial rule, this ideology became the dominant system of values, acceptance of which by the governed led to the development of a symbiotic relationship between the cultures of paternalism and subservience. Moreover, such symbiosis involved numerous 'working misunderstandings', arising from conceptual models which had proven meaningful in one situation being applied under quite different circumstances.3 This article examines the conceptual models which influenced European perception of Tiv society, the consequent 'working misunderstanding' which underlay the symbiotic relationship between government and a society subject to its jurisdiction but which had its own particular traditions, and the changes which appear to have occurred in Tiv values, institutions, and traditions in response to new situations.4 It is hoped that the article will be of general interest to social and political historians, as well as to those

Plato: The written and unwritten doctrines

Abstract: Preface 1. Introductory and Biographical 2. General Sketch of the Eidetic Theory and of the Arithmetised Version 3. The Socratic Dialogues 4. The Ideological Dialogues: The Meno, Phaedo, Symposium and Phaedrus 5. The Ideological Dialogues: The Republic 6. The Stoicheiological Dialogues: The Cratylus, Theatetus and Parmenides 7. The Stoicheiological Dialogues: The Sophist, Statesman, Philebus and Epistles 8. Plato's Philosophy of the Concrete: The Timaeus, Critias, Laws and Epinomis 9. Appraisal of Platonism and its Influence Appendix I: Translated Passages Illustrating Unwritten Doctrines Appendix II: Critical Note on the Views of Harold F. Cherniss

Student Politics in America: A Historical Analysis

Abstract: Students have periodically played an important role in campus political life as well as in societal politics. Students were active in the anti-slavery movement; they rebelled against military service in the Civil War; they staged demonstrations during the Depression; and they were vocal during the 1960s. While activism has subsided somewhat in the past three decades, students continue to be involved in significant political issues. Student Politics in America is the first book to chronicle the entire history of student political activism in America--dealing not only with the periods when students were dramatically involved in politics, but also focusing on less active periods. This book provides a sense of the entire history of political involvement and the evolution of student organizations and attitudes toward politics. Student religious organizations that have been involved in social activism are discussed, as are student government organizations, which are generally ignored in analyses of campus life. Altbach shows that, at least since the 1930s, there is an ideological trend toward liberal and radical activism, yet at the same time conservative student organizations have also been influential. Politics on the campus is a multifaceted phenomenon, and Altbach handles the complexity of student political life in a carefully nuanced manner. In a new preface, the author discusses his reasons and motivation for originally writing Student Politics in America. In his new introduction, he brings the history of student activism, and the lack thereof, up to date. Student Politics in America provides a unique historical perspective on the political activities of college and university students in the United States and will be an important contribution to the personal libraries of educators, university administrators, students, political scientists, and historians.

Indonesian Communism under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics, 1959–1965

Abstract: (1974). Indonesian Communism under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics, 1959–1965. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 18-18.

The Politics of Hsia-hsiang Youth

Abstract: This paper sets out to examine various aspects of the contemporary Chinese social system and their political implications by studying the social and political attitudes of a subgroup of Chinese society. The general area of interest is social stratification in China: the bases of social differentiation in the new society and how these are perceived by its citizens; the extent to which changes in the structure of society have been accompanied by changes in social attitudes; the extent to which ideological campaigns to change attitudes have been successful; the limitations placed by the stratified nature of society in its transitional stage of socialism on the effectiveness of ideological and political education.

Political Implications of Gender Roles: A Review of the Literature

Abstract: This essay introduces the reader to the contemporary literature on gender roles and feminine behavior, including the major concepts, empirical findings, and social thought which have implications for political behavior and research. Gender roles as they relate to the psychology and activity of men and women, and their systemic cultural, economic, and legal ramifications provide an explanation and a basis for understanding political behavior, including recurrent women's protest movements. Contemporary writing contributes to building a non-androcentric and accurate body of knowledge regarding political woman, and it calls into question the ideology of the biological determinism of political activity. The literature surveyed has potential usefulness for public policy: an expansion of democracy is viable with the discernment and removal of barriers which hinder substantial proportions of women from achieving political leadership and hence participating in authoritative decision making and value allocation. A bibliography of major references is appended.

American Big Business Ideology: A Content Analysis of Executive Speeches

Abstract: Despite the recent increase in power elite analysis, ,little systematic work has been undertaken on the ideologies of American big businessmen. Much that has been done has mistakenly taken the views of key association spokesmen as representing all big businessmen. We are critical of the role-strain thesis of Frances X. Sutton et al. (The American Business Creed) as an explanation of ideological development and offer instead, a Marx-Mannheim sociology of knowledge approach. A total of 474 speeches from top officials in eleven industries were content analyzed and compared for ideological and attitudinal similarities and differences in areas of business orientation and public policy. The findings point to variations in the big business world which can be explained partly by the firms' institutional and market positions. Nonetheless these differences exist within a broad-based corporate unity based on an acceptance of capitalist prerogatives.

Republican Ideology and the Triumph of the Constitution, 1789 to 1793

Abstract: JN I787 the men who signed the Constitution went home from Philadelphia determined to seek an unconditional victory for their new plan of government for the United States. To Federalists the alternative was clear: the people must accept the new plan of government or face the certain prospect of political debility and social collapse. Antifederalist convictions were equally strong. For opponents of the Constitution no threat was so outrageous, no evil so chimerical, that they could not see it lurking in the Federalist plan. If we are to listen to the participants, the struggle over the Constitution was a dispute between contending social interests over a question no less vital than the future of republican government in America and the world.' Yet no anticonstitutional party emerged in the new United States. As early as the spring of I79I the Constitution was accepted on all sides as the starting point for further debates.2 Within four years of ratification, the Republican opponents of the new administration-a party which probably included a majority of the old Antifederalists-insisted that they stood together to defend the Constitution against a threat that originated within

Trade Union and Social History

Abstract: Preface 1. Writing Trade-Union History 2. Trends in Trade-Union Development 1825-75 3. The Origins and Establishment of the Trades Union Congress 4. Trends in Modern Trade Unionism 5. Early Trade Unionism in the Printing Industry 6. The London Society of Master Letter-Founders 1793-1820 7. The Struggle for a Free Press 8. The Ideology of Early Co-operation in Lancashire and Cheshire 9. Robert Blincoe and the Early Factory System Index

On the meaning of the notion of conflict and its study in social psychology

Abstract: This study is an attempt, based on historical materialism (the science of the history of social formations), to critically analyze the notion of conflict as social psychology has defined it and as social psychology has developed it with models of non-zero sum games imported from game theory. Whether it concerns the postulate of conflict resolution (which governs this domain of social psychology), or the ideological foundations of the notion of conflict, the structure of a game of the ‘PDG’ type and the imaginary trap it orms, or even the staging which the psycho-sociologist produces in utilizing this model, it is shown that this whole proceeding is an ideological construction which functions principally as an obstacle to true scientific knowledge of the field it covers — which can be defined as constituted by the relationships between the subjective and the political — and secondly as the raw material for a theory of ideology, which is understood as having the double function of recognition and misappreciation. Both tasks demand intensive theoretical study as part of the development of storical materialism and, from that point of view, this work should be considered only as a preliminary study.

1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe

Abstract: Only in that year did revolution assume virtually continental proportions: France, Italy, Germany, and the countries of the Habsburg monarchy experienced serious revolutions, and significant outbreaks occurred in Switzerland, Denmark, Romania, Poland, and Ireland. Britain, though untouched by formal revolution, saw the last wave of Chartist agitation. Of the larger countries, then, only Russia and Spain were exempt. Peter N. Stearns uses a comparative approach in his analysis of these largely interconnected risings. Concentrating on the key areas of revolutionary action-France, Germany, Italy, and the Habsburg monarchy-he shows how the revolutions were linked by economic causation, by ideology, and by the fascination of revolution itself. In exploring the origins, successes, and failures of these movements, Professor Stearns goes beyond the specific political and intellectual factors involved in the events themselves to discuss the kind of society that could produce such an astonishing revolutionary contagion. He assesses the tragic consequences of the revolutions' failure, particularly in central Europe, and analyzes their positive impact on the nature of political protest, the rise of the labor movement, and the attitude of conservatives in power toward change.

Gramsci and Marxist Sociology of Knowledge: an Analysis of Hegemony-Ideology-Knowledge*

Abstract: This paper is an attempt to analyze the fundamental components of Gramsci's Marxist theory: the assertion of absolute historicism and humanism over economic determinism, the primacy of superstructu...