Showing papers on "International human rights law published in 2016"
TL;DR: In this paper, the particular relevance of gender for debates about global health and the role for international human rights law in supporting improved health outcomes during public health emergencies was analyzed, finding that responses at the outbreak of the crisis presume that women have economic, social or regulatory options to exercise the autonomy contained in international advice.
Abstract: Globally gender remains a key factor in differing health outcomes for men and women. This article analyses the particular relevance of gender for debates about global health and the role for international human rights law in supporting improved health outcomes during public health emergencies. Looking specifically at the recent Ebola and Zika outbreaks, what we find particularly troubling in both cases is the paucity of engagement with human rights language and the diverse backgrounds of women in these locations of crisis, when women-specific advice was being issued. We find the lessons that should have been learnt from the Ebola experience have not been applied in the Zika outbreak and there remains a disconnect between the international public health advice being issued and the experience of pervasive structural gender inequalities among those experiencing the crises. In both cases we find that responses at the outbreak of the crisis presume that women have economic, social or regulatory options to exercise the autonomy contained in international advice. The problem in the case of both Ebola and Zika has been that leaving structural gender inequalities out of the crisis response has further compounded those inequalities. The article argues for a contextual human rights analysis that takes into account gender as a social and economic determinant of health.
173 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a book that mobilizes for human rights international law in domestic politics, but ends up in harmful downloads, rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer.
Abstract: Thank you very much for downloading mobilizing for human rights international law in domestic politics. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen books like this mobilizing for human rights international law in domestic politics, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer.
162 citations
TL;DR: Human rights are currently either seen in a morally exaggerated way as "trump cards" in political negotiations or they are pruned back to a purely juridical level, absorbed into legal instances as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Human rights are currently either seen in a morally exaggerated way as “trump cards” in political negotiations or they are pruned back to a purely juridical level, absorbed into legal instances. In...
128 citations
01 Sep 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the particular relevance of gender for debates about global health and the role for international human rights law in supporting improved health outcomes during public health emergencies was analyzed, finding that responses at the outbreak of the crisis presume that women have economic, social or regulatory options to exercise the autonomy contained in international advice.
Abstract: Globally gender remains a key factor in differing health outcomes for men and women. This article analyses the particular relevance of gender for debates about global health and the role for international human rights law in supporting improved health outcomes during public health emergencies. Looking specifically at the recent Ebola and Zika outbreaks, what we find particularly troubling in both cases is the paucity of engagement with human rights language and the diverse backgrounds of women in these locations of crisis, when women-specific advice was being issued. We find the lessons that should have been learnt from the Ebola experience have not been applied in the Zika outbreak and there remains a disconnect between the international public health advice being issued and the experience of pervasive structural gender inequalities among those experiencing the crises. In both cases we find that responses at the outbreak of the crisis presume that women have economic, social or regulatory options to exercise the autonomy contained in international advice. The problem in the case of both Ebola and Zika has been that leaving structural gender inequalities out of the crisis response has further compounded those inequalities. The article argues for a contextual human rights analysis that takes into account gender as a social and economic determinant of health.
128 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The European Court of Justice, in the period between 1960 and 1990, strengthened the democratic legitimacy of the European Community by consolidating the role of European Parliament and safeguarding the rights of the individual under European law as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The original constitution of the European Union (formerly European Community) was characterized by a much-criticized democratic deficit. The European Court of Justice, in the period between 1960 and 1990, strengthened the democratic legitimacy of the European Community by consolidating the role of the European Parliament and safeguarding the rights of the individual under European law. Important factors are the doctrine of direct effect, the preliminary ruling mechanism and the creation of a catalogue of human rights.
107 citations
Book•
09 Feb 2016TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the early rise and fall of human rights, 1945-60, and the UN International Year for Human Rights, 1968-93 and the presence of the disappeared.
Abstract: Introduction 1. 'Power carries its own conviction': the early rise and fall of human rights, 1945-60 2. 'The problem of freedom': the United Nations and decolonization, 1960-1 3. From Jamaica with law: the rekindling of international human rights, 1962-7 4. The making of a precedent: racial discrimination and international human rights law, 1962-6 5. 'The hymn of hate': the failed convention on elimination of all forms of religious intolerance, 1962-7 6. 'So bitter a year for human rights': 1968 and the UN International Year for Human Rights 7. 'To cope with the flux of the future': human rights and the Helsinki Final Act, 1962-75 8. The presence of the disappeared, 1968-93 Conclusion.
103 citations
TL;DR: The General Comment No. 1 on the right to equal recognition before the law adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD Committee) as mentioned in this paper deals with the contentious right to legal capacity in Article 12.
Abstract: This article examines General Comment No. 1 on the right to equal recognition before the law adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD Committee). This general comment deals with the contentious right to legal capacity in Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. There has been much debate about how to secure the right to legal capacity of persons with disabilities while simultaneously providing sufficient protection for other rights, such as the rights to health and freedom from abuse and ill treatment. This article tackles this difficult debate and outlines the solutions proposed in the general comment. It tells the story of the creation of the general comment, based on the authors' experiences supporting the CRPD Committee during its drafting. It concludes that the general comment is a valuable framework for the effective implementation of Article 12.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the challenges of ethnic-based participation and its potential for creating inclusive and effective forms of decision-making for marginalized social groups in Bolivia through Free Prior and Informed Consent/Consultation (FPIC).
98 citations
TL;DR: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) as discussed by the authors is the first human rights treaty focusing specifically on the rights of individuals under 18 years of age, however, the rights described in the treaty are often seen as more important for younger children than for adolescents.
Abstract: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, United Nations General Assembly, 1989) is a transformative document which has already improved the lives of millions of young people worldwide. Ratified into law by the majority of the countries of the world, it is the first human rights treaty focusing specifically on the rights of individuals under 18 years of age. The rights described in the treaty, however, are often seen as more important for younger children than for adolescents. This policy statement reviews the germane research on the period of adolescence and affirms that the protections and entitlements in the CRC are as important for adolescents as for younger children. Recommendations for policy and research are included.
76 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the state-business nexus in responses to human rights violations in businesses and questions the efficacy of the UN guiding principles on human rights in businesses, in particular in the ready-made garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the state-business nexus in responses to human rights violations in businesses and questions the efficacy of the UN guiding principles on human rights in businesses, in particular in the ready-made garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh. Drawing on Cohen’s notion of “denial” and Black’s (2008) legitimacy and accountability relationships of state and non-state actors, the study seeks to explain why such “soft” global regulations remain inadequate. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical work for this paper is based on the authors’ participation in two multiple-stakeholder advisory consultation meetings for the RMG sector in Bangladesh and 11 follow-up interviews. This is supplemented by documentary evidence on human rights disasters, responses of the state and non-state actors and human rights reports published in national and international newspapers. Findings – The paper provides clear evidence that the state-business nexus perpetuates human rights dis...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Identifying human rights norms and standards related to the full range of documented mistreatment is a first step towards addressing violations of human rights during facility-based childbirth, ensuring respectful and humane treatment, and developing a program of work to improve the overall quality of maternal care.
Abstract: International human rights bodies have played a critical role in codifying, setting standards, and monitoring human rights violations in the context of sexual and reproductive health and rights. In recent years, these institutions have developed and applied human rights standards in the more particular context of maternal mortality and morbidity, and have increasingly recognized a critical human rights issue in the provision and experience of care during and after pregnancy, including during childbirth. However, the international human rights standards on mistreatment during facility-based childbirth remain, in an early stage of development, focused largely on a discrete subset of experiences, such as forced sterilization and lack of access to emergency obstetric care. As a consequence, the range of mistreatment that women may experience has not been adequately addressed or analyzed under international human rights law. Identifying human rights norms and standards related to the full range of documented mistreatment is thus a first step towards addressing violations of human rights during facility-based childbirth, ensuring respectful and humane treatment, and developing a program of work to improve the overall quality of maternal care. This article reviews international human rights standards related to the mistreatment of women during childbirth in facility settings under regional and international human rights law and lays out an agenda for further research and action.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a concept of "fair and equitable benefit sharing" deriving from international biodiversity law, international human rights law, and the law of the sea, identifying normative elements that are shared among the international treaties that refer to benefit sharing.
Abstract: This article proposes a concept of 'fair and equitable benefit sharing' deriving from international biodiversity law, international human rights law, and the law of the sea. The concept identifies normative elements that are shared among the international treaties that refer to benefit sharing, comprising the act of sharing; the nature of the benefits to be shared; the activities from which benefit sharing arise; the beneficiaries; and fairness and equity as the rationale for benefit sharing in international law. The concept is not intended to provide a holistic or exhaustive notion of fair and equitable benefit sharing but, rather, to support comparison and generalization with a view to shifting the current investigation from sectoral/technical approaches to the perspective of general international law and the contribution to research in other areas of international law. The proposed conceptualization is thus geared towards the development of a research agenda targeting a variety of international and transnational legal materials, allowing for the appreciation of differences in the context of varying logics of different areas of law.
TL;DR: The Paris Agreement contains the first mention of human rights in a climate change treaty as mentioned in this paper, and the significance of the inclusion of a provision on human rights was discussed in the preamble to the Paris Agreement and other relevant provisions adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in December 2015.
Abstract: The Paris Agreement contains the first mention of human rights in a climate change treaty. This article recounts the build-up of human rights advocacy since the Cancun Agreements. It then discusses the significance of the inclusion of a provision on human rights in the preamble to the Paris Agreement and explores other relevant provisions adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in December 2015.
TL;DR: In this paper, a core human rights agreement that prohibits child labor is examined and the authors argue that in order to understand how international human rights agreements work, scholars need to turn their attention to rights that are not definitional to democracy.
Abstract: This article argues that in order to understand how international human rights agreements (HRAs) work, scholars need to turn their attention to rights that are not definitional to democracy. When rights practices diverge from treaty rules, but the domestic enforcement mechanisms that give such agreements their bite are robust, how do governments behave? The study explores this question by examining a core treaty that prohibits child labor. When domestic enforcement is likely, states where many children work are often deterred from ratifying. Nevertheless, those that do ratify experience significant child labor improvements. By contrast, in non-democracies, ratification is a promise that is easily made but seldom kept.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights permits distinctive interpretative methods within the boundaries established by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and in accordance with public international law and international human rights law.
Abstract: This article tracks the shifting place of the international right to health, and human rights-based approaches to health, in the scholarly literature and United Nations (UN). From 1993 to 1994, the focus began to move from the right to health toward human rights-based approaches to health, including human rights guidance adopted by UN agencies in relation to specific health issues. There is a compelling case for a human rights-based approach to health, but it runs the risk of playing down the right to health, as evidenced by an examination of some UN human rights guidance. The right to health has important and distinctive qualities that are not provided by other rights-consequently, playing down the right to health can diminish rights-based approaches to health, as well as the right to health itself. Because general comments, the reports of UN Special Rapporteurs, and UN agencies' guidance are exercises in interpretation, I discuss methods of legal interpretation. I suggest that the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights permits distinctive interpretative methods within the boundaries established by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. I call for the right to health to be placed explicitly at the center of a rights-based approach and interpreted in accordance with public international law and international human rights law.
TL;DR: Reactions to restrictive interpretations of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and lessons that can be learned for the development of similar documents are described.
Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the United Nations in 2007, aims to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. However, several of its provisions are susceptible to interpretations that would negate traditional approaches to the protection of people with mental disorders. Guardianship, civil commitment, and even medical treatment of delirious patients appear to be precluded by the convention. This column describes the reactions to restrictive interpretations of the convention and lessons that can be learned for the development of similar documents.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defend the use of the margin of appreciation (MoA) in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), arguing that it applies equally to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
Abstract: The margin of appreciation (MoA) has become the central conceptual doctrine in the institutional and jurisprudential architecture of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This article critiques the existence and operation of the MoA within the ECHR system and defends its use. It is submitted that as each of the central justifications for the MoA under the ECHR applies equally to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), so the doctrine should be applied by the Human Rights Committee.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors bring together academics and practitioners at the forefront of human rights cities and the 'right to the city' movement to critically discuss their history and also the potential that human rights communities hold for global justice.
Abstract: Cities increasingly base their local policies on human rights. Human rights cities promise to forge new alliances between urban actors and international organizations, to enable the 'translation' of the abstract language of human rights to the local level, and to develop new practices designed to bring about global urban justice. This book brings together academics and practitioners at the forefront of human rights cities and the 'right to the city' movement to critically discuss their history and also the potential that human rights cities hold for global justice.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors bring together academics and practitioners at the forefront of human rights cities and the 'right to the city' movement to critically discuss their history and also the potential that human rights communities hold for global justice.
Abstract: Cities increasingly base their local policies on human rights. Human rights cities promise to forge new alliances between urban actors and international organizations, to enable the 'translation' of the abstract language of human rights to the local level, and to develop new practices designed to bring about global urban justice. This book brings together academics and practitioners at the forefront of human rights cities and the 'right to the city' movement to critically discuss their history and also the potential that human rights cities hold for global justice.
Book•
13 Apr 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether and to what extent international human rights law applies to the International Criminal Tribunals (ICTs) and propose ways in which the ICTs' interpretative practice of human rights norms can be improved.
Abstract: Given their mandate to prosecute persons responsible for the most atrocious of human rights violations, International Criminal Tribunals (ICTs) are generally hailed as welcome enforcers of international human rights law: a new instrument in the toolkit of human rights protectors. However, ICTs investigate, detain, prosecute and try individuals, which are all activities that necessarily entail the potential infringement of human rights. However, unlike States, ICTs are not party to human rights treaties, as a result of which it is unclear whether they are bound by international human rights law. Similarly, the differences between States and ICTs may warrant a modification in the way in which ICTs interpret and apply human rights norms, as compared to States, given the specific context in which they operate. The central question of this dissertation is how ICTs should interpret and apply human rights norms in their procedural practice. The first part of the dissertation investigates whether and to what extent international human rights law applies to the ICTs. The second part of the thesis analyzes the ICTs’ interpretation and application of three specific human rights: the right to privacy, the right to liberty, and the right to be tried without undue delay, as compared to the way in which these rights are interpreted and applied in international human rights law. The final Part offers conclusions and recommends ways in which the ICTs’ interpretative practice of human rights norms can be improved.
Book•
07 Jun 2016
TL;DR: Human Rights: Politics and Practice as discussed by the authors is a collection of articles about human rights and politics and practice in the field of international law and human rights in practice, with a focus on human rights advocates.
Abstract: Introduction: Human Rights: Politics and Practice PART I: HUMAN RIGHTS AND POLITICS 1. Normative and Theoretical Foundations of Human Rights 2. Human Rights in International Law 3. Measuring Human Rights 4. Human Rights in International Relations 5. Human Rights in Comparative Politics 6. Sociological and Anthropological Approaches 7. Ideological (Mis)use of Human Rights PART II: HUMAN RIGHTS IN PRACTICE 8. Political Democracy and State Repression 9. Global Civil Society and Human Rights 10. Human Rights and Politics in Development 11. Economic Globalization and Human Rights 12. Traffiking for Sexual Exploitation 13. Children's Human Rights Advocacy 14. Human Rights and Forced Migration 15. Indigenous Peoples Human Rights 16. Genocide and Human Rights 17. Torture 18. The Environment 19. Humanitarian Intervention 20. Transitional Justice Conclusion: The Future of Human Rights
Book•
04 Oct 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the ways in which this dual undertaking has been and could be further carried out in the future, and evaluate the extent to which the various initiatives in the field bridge the corporate accountability gap.
Abstract: Business corporations can and do violate human rights all over the world, and they are often not held to account. Emblematic cases and situations such as the state of the Niger Delta and the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory are examples of corporate human rights abuses which are not adequately prevented and remedied. Business and human rights as a field seeks to enhance the accountability of business – companies and businesspeople – in the human rights area, or, to phrase it differently, to bridge the accountability gap. Bridging the accountability gap is to be understood as both setting standards and holding corporations and businesspeople to account if violations occur.
Adopting a legal perspective, this book presents the ways in which this dual undertaking has been and could be further carried out in the future, and evaluates the extent to which the various initiatives in the field bridge the
corporate accountability gap. It looks at the historical background of the field of business and human rights, and examines salient periods, events and cases. The book then goes on to explore the relevance of international human rights law and international criminal law for global business. International soft law and policy initiatives which have blossomed in recent years are evaluated along with private modes of regulation. The book also examines how domestic law, especially the domestic law of multinational companies’ home countries, can be used to prevent and redress corporate related human rights violations.
TL;DR: In 2013, a Board Human Rights and Psychology was established by the European Federatio... as mentioned in this paper, which has a societal responsibility for promoting human rights and preventing human rights violations, and has a board of experts responsible for human rights.
Abstract: Psychologists have a societal responsibility for promoting human rights and preventing human rights violations. In 2013 a Board Human Rights and Psychology was established by the European Federatio...
TL;DR: Besson et al. as discussed by the authors argue that the concept of subsidiarity is at play in international human rights law, but that human rights subsidity is very different from the other conceptions of subsidiarity we know of.
Abstract: Subsidiarity is en vogue in international human rights law. From a largely implicit and mainly jurisprudential principle used in discrete guises by international human rights courts, it has become increasingly present in human rights reasoning and is about to become entrenched in the text of international human rights treaties. Past the usual truisms about States having the primary responsibility to secure human rights and international human rights institutions having only a supervisory function, however, the notion, role and justification of subsidiarity in international human rights law remain very difficult to capture. Broadly speaking, scholarly strategies have divided into two groups. Most authors focus on one aspect of subsidiarity (usually the margin of appreciation of domestic authorities), while fewer look for the broader underpinning principle. The former often neglect the broader question, however, while the latter have often been lured by one dimension of the prestigious history of the principle of subsidiarity and conflate subsidiarity in international human rights law with one or many of its different conceptions in other legal and political contexts (e.g. in a federal state or in the European Union). In this article, I argue that the concept of subsidiarity is at play in international human rights law, but that human rights subsidiarity is very different from the other conceptions of subsidiarity we know of. To understand it, we need to go back to the relationship between human rights and (democratic) politics and, accordingly, to the role of international human rights law and its complementary relation to domestic human rights law. The proposed argument is three-pronged. After a first section on subsidiarity in international human rights law and the different shapes it takes in practice, the second section compares human rights subsidiarity with the subsidiarity encountered in other social, * Professor of Public International Law and European Union Law, University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Email: samantha.besson@unifr.ch. Many thanks to Nick Barber, Richard Ekins and Paul Yowell for their invitation to present a previous version of this article at their Constitutional Theory Seminar in Oxford on 7th May, 2015; to Francis Cheneval for his invitation to discuss it at his Political Theory Colloquium in Zürich on 27th May, 2015; to Sébastien Touzé for his invitation to present a more applied version at the Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights in Paris on 19th November, 2015; and to Katerina Linos and Sujit Choudhry for their invitation to discuss it at the Colloquium in International Law and Politics at Berkeley Law School on 2nd February, 2016. Thanks to Maria Cahill, Leslie Green, Martin Beckstein, Jahel Queralt and Christopher Kutz for their helpful comments on these occasions. I am very grateful also to John Finnis for his extremely helpful editorial comments. Last but not least, I would like to thank Odile Ammann and Matthieu Loup respectively for their research assistance and help with the edition of the manuscript. The American Journal of Jurisprudence, Vol. 61, No. 1 (2016), pp. 69–107 doi:10.1093/ajj/auw009 The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of University of Notre Dame. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. at U niersite de Frourg on Jne 2, 2016 http://ajjrdjournals.org/ D ow nladed from political and legal contexts, and does so with respect to different dimensions of subsidiarity: its subjects, objects, functions, justifications, tests, limits and reviews. The third section draws various implications of the specificity of human rights subsidiarity, and in particular for how we should go about interpreting it and addressing some of the challenges it is currently facing in practice.
21 Mar 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the European context with a special focus on Switzerland and Germany, and present two projects developed by students, now alumni of the Berlin Master of Social Work as Human Rights Profession.
Abstract: Mostly unknown in Europe and perhaps also in other regions of the world is that social work has a tradition of human rights of more than 100 years—first present in writings, second as accounts of and about human rights activists and then getting “institutionalised” in many common documents of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) and the International Council of Social Welfare (ICSW). In 1988, an International Commission on Human Rights was established. These topics will be the focus of Part I, putting the main emphasis on writings of Jane Addams. As the documents of the three international associations had to be written on a very general, abstract level, I try to show the practical relevance of them for three professional areas, namely first the common ground and overlapping of the client population of social work and the one of the UN called “vulnerable individuals and groups”, second the consequences of the General Statement about “Ethics in Social Work” according the professional mandate with human rights and social justice as central ideas. Third, one can interpret the addition of social justice in the international definitions of social work as a wise restriction of social work to the “social” aspects of the profession, meaning especially social problems and social rights. This special focus will be exemplified in Part II, referring to the European context with a special focus on Switzerland and Germany. It describes two projects developed by students, now alumni of the Berlin Master of “Social Work as Human Rights Profession”. The first one has the goal of ratification of the European Social Charter of Social Rights of 1996 by the Swiss parliament; the second one shows how to use the UN instrument of Universal Periodic Reviews in the case of poverty and social rights. The article closes with some general guidelines for the further integration of human rights as elements of social work as (critical) profession.
23 May 2016
TL;DR: The impact of international law on children's rights on juvenile justice law reform in the African context is discussed in this article, where the authors highlight the role of economic, social, cultural, and cultural rights of children.
Abstract: Contents: Preface Part I: Children's rights and the law in African context: an introduction, Julia Sloth-Nielsen The regional system of protection of human rights in Africa, 'Dejo Olowu The African regional system for the protection of children's rights, Amanda Lloyd Domestication of children's rights in national legal systems in African context: progress and prospects, Julia Sloth-Nielsen African customary law and children's rights: intersections and domains in a new era, Chuma Himonga Combating child poverty: the role of economic, social and cultural rights, Danwood M. Chirwa. Part II: Child participation in Africa, Louise Ehlers and Cheryl Frank Restorative justice in child justice systems in Africa, Ann Skelton The impact of international law on children's rights on juvenile justice law reform in the African context, Godfrey O. Odongo The protection of children from all forms of violence a " African experiences, Daksha Kassan The protection of refugee children under the African human rights system: finding durable solutions in international law, Thoko Kaime Children at both ends of the gun: child soldiers in Africa, Benyam D. Mezmur Implementing the girl child's right to education in selected countries in Africa, Lea Mwambene Trafficking of children in Africa: an overview of research, international obligations and existing legal provisions, Jacqui Gallinetti and Daksha Kassan Intercountry adoption from an African perspective, Trynie Davel HIV/Aids and children's rights in law and policy in Africa: confronting Hydra head on, Julia Sloth-Nielsen and Benyam D. Mezmur The hidden ones: children with disabilities in Africa and the right to education, Helene Combrinck Worst forms of child labour: a view from out of Africa, Jacqui Gallinetti Index.