Showing papers on "Minigene published in 1983"

Expression and amplification of engineered mouse dihydrofolate reductase minigenes.

Abstract: We constructed mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) minigenes (dhfr) that had 1.5 kilobases of 5' flanking sequences and contained either none or only one of the intervening sequences that are normally present in the coding region. They were greater than or equal to 3.2 kilobase long, about one-tenth the size of the corresponding chromosomal gene. Both of these minigenes complemented the DHFR deficiency in Chinese hamster ovary dhfr-1-cells at a high frequency after DNA-mediated gene transfer. The level of DHFR enzyme in various transfected clones varied over a 10-fold range but never was as high as in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells. In addition, the level of DHFR in primary transfectants did not vary directly with the copy number of the minigene, which ranged from fewer than five to several hundred per genome. The minigenes could be amplified to a level of over 2,000 copies per genome upon selection in methotrexate, a specific inhibitor of DHFR. In one case, the amplified minigenes were present in a tandem array; in two other cases, a rearranged minigene plasmid and its flanking chromosomal DNA sequence were amplified. Thus, the mouse dhfr minigenes could be transcribed, expressed, and amplified in Chinese hamster ovary cells, although the efficiency of expression was generally low. The key step in the construction of these minigenes was the generation in vivo of lambda phage recombinants by overlapping regions of homology between genomic and cDNA clones. The techniques used here for dhfr should be generally applicable to any gene, however large, and could be used to generate novel genes from members of multigene families.

Transient expression of a mouse alpha-fetoprotein minigene: deletion analyses of promoter function.

Abstract: The constitutive transcription of a mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) minigene was examined during the transient expression of AFP-simian virus 40-pBR322 recombinant DNAs introduced into HeLa cells by Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation. We tested three constructs, each of which contains the AFP minigene and pBR322 DNAs inserted in the late region of simian virus 40 and found that the relative efficiency of AFP gene expression was dependent on the arrangement of the three DNA elements in the vector. The transcripts begin at the authentic AFP cap site and are properly spliced and polyadenylated. To define a sequence domain in the 5' flanking region of the AFP gene required for constitutive expression, sequential 5' deletion mutants of the AFP minigene were constructed and introduced into HeLa cells. All AFP deletion mutants which retained at least the TATA motif located 30 base pairs upstream from the cap site were capable of directing accurate and efficient AFP transcription. However, when the TATA sequence was deleted, no accurately initiated AFP transcripts were detected. These results are identical to those obtained from in vitro transcription of truncated AFP 5' deletion mutant templates assayed in HeLa cell extracts. The rate of AFP transcription in vivo was unaffected by deletion of DNA upstream of the AFP TATA box but was greatly affected by the distance between the simian virus 40 control region and the 5' end of the gene. The absence of any promoter activity upstream of the TATA box in this assay system is in contrast to what has been reported for several other eucaryotic structural genes in a variety of in vivo systems. A sequence comparison between the 5' flanking region of the AFP gene and these genes suggested that the AFP gene lacks those structural elements found to be important for constitutive transcription in vivo. Either the AFP gene lacks upstream promoter function in the 5' flanking DNA contained within the minigene, or the use of a viral vector in a heterologous system precludes its identification.