Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1993"
TL;DR: Demographic transition theory was both a product of a conception in social science and a means for examining predicting and guiding social change as discussed by the authors, however, it is unproductive and impedes a wider range of approaches to the field.
Abstract: The position is argued that progress in the further study of fertility change rests on a reappraisal of the recent intellectual history of demography. Principally recognition needs to be given to the policy influences which were apparent even before the 1950s. The notion of demographic transition as merely a descriptive term is unproductive and impedes a wider range of approaches to the field. The discussion was an examination of the methodological constraints and the reasons for the continuing reliance on descriptive notions of demographic transition. The theory of demographic transition in 1944-45 and the contrasts between Thompsons 1929 notions and the 1945 notions in the United States were discussed as influenced by the changing institutional context important new intellectual developments and the impact of political events. Notesteins ideas were a primary reference point for discussion as reflecting the distinct change in thinking between 1947 and 1949. Democratic stability and long-term prosperity were hinged on the whole process of modernization and widespread economic development; fertility non-regulation was related to lack of motivation. Notestein and Kingsley Davis were thus at the helm of advocating government sponsored policies on family planning for pretransitional countries. "Peasants were not stupid" they were economically rational and the notion of awkward nonrational institutions and social mores was ignored. The impact of the fall of China and Chiang Kai-sheks nationalist regime and the change in foreign affairs on the Princeton Office and demographic intellectual life was discussed in some detail. The ideological competition of the 1960s and 1970s thwarted self reflection on the inadequacies and flaws in the supply centered activism of the international family planning industry and the "overly dogmatic commitment and rigidity to demographic transition." The historical model (Talcott Parsons variations in classifications) was too fluid and general as a causal explanation for change but it became an irrefutable theory. Modernization became the dominant theory in the 1950s and 1970s even though it could not generate unambiguous testable hypotheses about the specific causes of fertility change. Hodgson and Demeny recognized these inadequacies. Demographic transition theory was both a product of a conception in social science and a means for examining predicting and guiding social change. Current schools of thought are the deductivist the contextualist or interpretative and various realist approaches which interact with the aims of control understanding and intervention. There is a need for historical reconstruction in specific contexts of fertility and perceived costs of childrearing.
346 citations
01 Mar 1993
TL;DR: In this article, an attempt is made to widen the perspective under which interorganizational networks are generally seen, and it is argued that both in the economy and in policy making, network phenomena are in fact becoming more prominent.
Abstract: In this paper an attempt is made to widen the perspective under which interorganizational networks are generally seen. It is argued that both in the economy and in policy making, network phenomena are in fact becoming more prominent. This is linked to functional differentiation, a core process of societal modernization, which implies the existence of partly autonomous societal subsystems. Their emergence is closely connected with the ascendance of formal organizations, which in turn enjoy a certain measure of autonomy. In this structural context, interorganizational network following a logic of negotiation, which extends to “constitutional” issues can provide a solution to coordination problems typical of modern societies.
192 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of Western management techniques in developing countries: a cultural perspective, Alfred M.Jaeger and Rabindra N.Kanungo is discussed.
Abstract: Part 1 Managing organizations in developing country environment: macro-level perspectives. Part 2 Strategic development organizations: some behavioural properties, Pradip N.Khandwalla. Part 3 Managing structural adjustment in developing countries: an organizational perspective, Moses Kiggundu. Part 4 Organizational life-cycle and effectiveness criteria in state owned enterprises: the case of East Africa, Jan J.Jorgensen. Part 5 Leadership and strategy making for institution building and innovation: the case of a Brazilian University, Cynthia Hardy. Part 6 Organization and culture in developing countries: a configurational model, Fritz Rieger and Durhane Wong-Rieger. Part 7 Limitations of Western techniques in the management of organizations in developing countries. Part 8 The applicability of Western management techniques in developing countries: a cultural perspective, Alfred M.Jaeger. Part 9 Limitations to the application of sociotechnical systems in developing countries, Moses Kiggundu. Part 10 Will China adopt Western management pratices?, Shirley C.Zhuang. Part 11 Indian organizations: value dilemmas in managerial roles, Indira Parikh and Pulin Garg. Part 12 Developing indigenous perspectives: work motivation and organizational leadership in developing countries. Part 13 Work alienation in developing countries: Western models and Eastern realities, Rabindra N.Kanungo. Part 14 Holistic strategies for worker disalienation in developing countries, K.M.Srinivas. Part 15 Managing people for productivity in developing countries, Manuel Mendonca and Rabindra N.Kanungo. Part 16 Model of effective leadership styles in India, J.B.P.Sinha. Part 17 Management of development in other cultures: ideology and leadership, Sitakant Mahapatra. Part 18 Managing political modernization: charismatic leadership in developing countries, James Woycke.
173 citations
TL;DR: The authors compare conceptions of "indigenous agriculture" and alternative agricultural development as used by academics with approaches to agricultural development taken by Indian federations and the NGOs and churches working with them in highland Ecuador.
Abstract: This paper compares conceptions of "indigenous agriculture' and alternative agricultural development as used by academics with approaches to agricultural development taken by Indian federations and the NGOs and churches working with them in highland Ecuador. There are significant differences between these conceptions. Moving away from traditional practices, the Indian federations have promoted the use of Green Revolution technologies as part of a strategy they still conceive as "indigenous'. The federations' approach points to a more profound conception of indigenous agricultural development as a strategy implemented and controlled by Indian organizations and oriented toward a refashioning of the cultural and political landscale of highland Ecuador. In this way, analysing grassroots concepts challenges our theoretical constructions. Nonetheless, popular concepts should not be taken at face value. We should understand farmers and their organizations as "situated' in socioeconomic, political, and cultural structures that both enable and constrain as they construct their resource management strategies. A viable indigenous agricultural development must address the social relationships underlying such structural constraints. -from Author
141 citations
136 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that all the major conceptualizations of development in the post-war period contain and express a geopolitical imagination which has had a conditioning effect on the enframing of the meanings and relations of development.
Abstract: It is argued that all the major conceptualizations of development in the post-war period contain and express a geopolitical imagination which has had a conditioning effect on the enframing of the meanings and relations of development. The Occidental deployment of modernization theory for the developing countries reflected a will to geopolitical power. It provided a discursive legitimation for a whole series of practical interventions and penetrations that sought to subordinate and assimilate the Third World Other. In a connected but far from identical manner, neo-liberal readings of development in the 1980s have accompanied and been inspired by rapidly changing geopolitical conditions. Similarly, it is argued that on the other side of the North-South divide the radical dependencia perspective of the 1960s and early 1970s cannot be separated from a series of geopolitical events such as the Cuban Revolution, nor from the perceived need on the part of critical Latin American intellectuals to confront and challenge the relevance of modernization theory for the periphery. Finally, it is suggested that in any attempt to rethink development for global times the nature of our geopolitical imagination must be a key element, just as the theorization of the geo-political is equally relevant for development theorists and political geographers.
132 citations
TL;DR: The authors combine historical perspectives on Chinese education with a thematic analysis of a range of contemporary issues, taking the reader from Confucius to beyond the Cultural Revolution, through current systems of formal and non-formal education, to a consideration of issues.
Abstract: This text combines historical perspectives on Chinese education with a thematic analysis of a range of contemporary issues. It takes the reader from Confucius to beyond the Cultural Revolution, through current systems of formal and non-formal education, to a consideration of a range of issues.
119 citations
TL;DR: For historians of the early nineteenth century, this revision raises a host of questions about the relationship of social change and social class to government growth; that is, it casts doubt on the customary association made between growth in the size or scope of government and the rise in the Industrial Revolution of new social and economic questions and a bourgeoisie to answer them.
Abstract: The recent historiographical revolution in our understanding of the eighteenth-century state has broad implications, analytical as well as empirical, that are only beginning to be plumbed. Due largely to the work of Patrick O'Brien and John Brewer, the old picture—of a small, amateurish, corrupt central apparatus largely maintained (between sporadic wars) to dignify the crown and assist gentlemanly (i.e., parliamentary) plunder—has been pretty completely effaced. We now see that by the end of the French wars the British state was one of the largest and most efficient in Europe; certainly it engorged the largest proportion of national product by means of a ruthlessly regressive tax system. The French wars were the climax, not the sole begetters of this system, which had been spawned by a chain of wars mounting in scope and sophistication since the late seventeenth century and requiring commensurate improvements in fiscal policy: thus Brewer's memorable naming of the system as the “fiscal-military state.”For historians of the early nineteenth century, this revision raises a host of questions about the relationship of social change and social class to government growth. Particularly, it casts doubt on the customary association made between growth in the size or scope of government and the rise in the Industrial Revolution of new social and economic questions and a bourgeoisie to answer them; that is, it casts doubt on the implicit “modernization” model that hitches together economic growth, government growth, bureaucracy, professionalism, and embourgeoisement.
112 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the ways in which world-system position and modernization affect the design or configuration of the symbols national leaders adopt to convey their nation's identity, and found that leaders of core nations adopt more basic anthems and flags than their semiperiphery and periphery counterparts.
Abstract: When one examines current national anthems and flags, one finds a great deal of variety. What explains this variation? Possible factors include a nation's world-system position and its degree of modernization. Specifically, I analyze the ways in which world-system position and modernization affect the design or configuration—the syntactic structure—of the symbols national leaders adopt to convey their nation's identity. Findings reveal a link between a nation's world-system position and the structure of its symbols. Leaders of core nations adopt more basic anthems and flags than their semiperiphery and periphery counterparts. However, modernization has no such influence.
104 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the interactions between the early concerns of development economics, and the new issues which the discipline is called upon to address, focusing on the meaning of development in the context of economic history, of industrialization and modernization, "people-centered" development, sustainability, political and civil liberties and development ethics.
88 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the relationship between nationalism and modernization has taken a form in China that is different from what occurred anywhere else, and argue that despite the greatness of Chinese history, in spite of the manifest durability of everyday Chinese culture that is, despite the weight of many of the standard building blocks of nationalism, the historical pattern of China's history is not different from that of any other country.
Abstract: What kind of a nation-state are the Chinese people and their leaders shaping for themselves as they enter the second century of the 'Chinese revolution'? The quest for national greatness and modernization that began with the early reformers as a quest for 'wealth and power' continues. The relationship of nationalism and modernization is unquestionably a fundamental problem in the history of modem China. Indeed, one can ask whether there is any theme about China that is more hackneyed than 'nationalism and modernization?' What can possibly be said that is new on the subject? What is new is the urgency of the question because we are now seeing, as a part of the worldwide crisis of communism, the unrelenting erosion of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought as the basis of state legitimacy in China. The expectation is that nationalism will have to fill the void created by the 'crisis of confidence' and by the collapse of the myth of socialism as magic. If the future of China lies with nationalism, we had better get a clear understanding of precisely what are the characteristics of Chinese nationalism. What are likely to be the distinctive features of Chinese nationalism in a postMarxist-Leninist era? More importantly, how will the configurations of Chinese nationalism affect the prospects for the modemization of Chinese society and politics? It is my intention to argue, first, that the relationship between nationalism and modernization has taken a form in China that is different from what occurred anywhere else. I want to argue, secondly, that in spite of the greatness of Chinese history, in spite of the manifest durability of everyday Chinese culture that is, in spite of the weight of many of the standard building blocks of nationalism the historical pattern of China's
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the rapidity of educational expansion across states was unanticipated, its speed catching by surprise both theorists and practitioners alike, since educational expansion has spanned state boundaries despite great variations in productive capacity and social mobilization.
Abstract: Since the end of the Second World War, the growth of education is notable for several reasons. First, the institutions of mass education have spread to virtually all countries despite vast differences in political, economic, social, and cultural organization. Second, rates of enrollment around the world are high and represent enormous financial investments by many impoverished states and economies.' And, third, the rapidity of educational expansion across states was unanticipated, its speed catching by surprise both theorists and practitioners alike. Functional theories of the right or the left that stress national factors have conspicuously failed, since educational expansion has spanned state boundaries despite great variations in productive capacity and social mobilization. The functionalist view has generally been replaced by "conjuncturalist" or historicist arguments that local combinations and conflicts of interest and status groups produced expansion.2 However, historicism, with a focus on local factors, does not explain well a social change that is worldwide.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the restructuring of the institutional framework of Icelandic agriculture with emphasis on institutional arrangements inhibiting the modernization of agriculture and the growth of non-agrarian sectors.
Abstract: This article examines the restructuring of the institutional framework of Icelandic agriculture with emphasis on institutional arrangements inhibiting the modernization of agriculture and the growth of non-agrarian sectors. Two institutions were of particular importance in this respect. One was the system of land tenures with its heavy obligations to landlords and insecure farm leases, which discouraged fixed capital investment on the farms. The other was a wide-ranging social legislation set up to regulate family formations and to maintain a balance between agriculture and the fishing sector in favour of the former. The most effective regulatory device was a stringent labour bondage which had few parallels in Europe. The paper analyses the disintegration of the traditional institutional framework from the late eighteenth century onwards, and points to the historical circumstances at work.
TL;DR: In the last generation, social scientists have made great advances in understanding the forces behind the welfare state or public social spending and provision as mentioned in this paper, and have explored many empirical settings to derive and appraise arguments about public social provision.
Abstract: In the last generation, social scientists have made great advances in understanding the forces behind the welfare state-or public social spending and provision. Scholars have asked why those aided by the state get what they do in the ways that they do for a number of circumstances affecting income and life chances. Typically, the object of study has been the state's efforts through spending or services to ameliorate routine and foreseeable predicaments that threaten income, such as those caused by old age, unemployment, ill health, disability, and industrial accidents. Often scholars have widened the focus to include programs aiding persons with family obligations and citizens having served in the military. Sometimes housing, nutritional, and educational needs have been included, expanding the definition of the welfare state to encompass almost all domestic public spending. Researchers have explored many empirical settings to derive and appraise arguments about public social provision. Influential early work (e.g., Marshall 1963; Titmuss 1958; Peacock and Wiseman 1961) focused on post-World War II Britain's adoption of comprehensive public social provision and the term the "welfare state." These studies argued that the inevitable expansion of citizen rights or, alternatively, social solidarities forged in war promoted public social provision. Soon, however, social scientists began quantitative, cross-sectional studies of all the countries of the post-World War II world (e.g., Cutright 1965; Wilensky 1975) and typically found that socioeconomic "modernization," notably industrialization and the aging of the population, underlay social spending progress. In addition, U.S. states were used as laboratories to test propositions about social policy-mainly whether economic modernization or
TL;DR: The All-China Women's Federation (AWF) as mentioned in this paper is an umbrella organization operating at the national, provincial, and local levels of China to improve the condition of women.
Abstract: Over the last 40 years sweeping social, political, and economic changes have taken place in the People's Republic of China. Although China has the world's oldest continuous civilization, until 1949 it was still a feudal society, isolated from the outside world and characterized by poverty, illiteracy, and premature mortality. The Communist government, in an attempt to eradicate these conditions through modernization, instituted a variety of policies during the 1950s and 1960s aimed at land reform (collectivization) and the abolition of private ownership and of class and gender inequities. To further the latter aim, the All-China Women's Federation an umbrella organization operating at the national, provincial, and local levels was founded in 1949. It was given the mandate of overseeing those policies targeted specifically at improving the condition of women. These were intended to break down Confucian traditions of
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the major theoretical frameworks on women and development, women's role in South Korean economic development, the status of South Korean women in the economic, social, and political arenas, and a series of factors that help account for the backwardness of women in South Korea.
Abstract: During the last three decades, South Korea has experienced a remarkable economic growth that is often referred to as a "miracle." The densely populated country, with little arable land, virtually no mineral reserves, and an excessively heavy military burden, has recorded one of the highest rates of economic growth of any country. From 1953 to 1990, South Korea's GNP registered an average annual growth rate of 8 percent, with many peaks over 10 percent. These rates surpassed the 4 to 5 percent of the advanced industrial economies, the socialist countries, and the oil producers. Since independence in 1945, South Korea has evolved from a state of poverty characterized by periodic hunger and starvation to a model case of the newly industrializing countries in the world. Have the spectacular economic development and rapid modernization been accompanied by substantial progress in women's status in South Korea? This study will advance the thesis that, in spite of South Korean women's significant contribution to the export-led economic growth of the country, a reward commensurate with their contribution has not followed. In advancing this thesis, the paper will examine the major theoretical frameworks on women and development, women's role in South Korean economic development, the status of South Korean women in the economic, social, and political arenas, and a series of factors that help account for the backwardness of South Korean women.
TL;DR: In this paper, the general effect of industrialization and modernization of society on the quality of life of national populations is examined and it is shown that in the overwhelming majority of cases the changes associated with these social forces have meant an improved quality of living for most people in most historical periods.
Abstract: At issue here is the general effect of the industrialization and modernization of society on the quality of life of national populations. Evidence from both objective and subjective measures indicates that in the overwhelming majority of cases the changes associated with these social forces have meant an improved quality of life for most people in most historical periods. This is most evident on the objective indicators. So far as concerns the subjective measures, although the trends generally hold across countries, they are often contradicted by the distinctive propensities of some national populations. Within country differences on the subjective measures prove to be much less marked than one would be led to expect on the basis of common theories of stratification. Changes in the objective condition of individuals and groups are regularly reflected in short-term changes in subjectively reported satisfaction. However, there seems to be a mechanism operating which mutes these effects and leads to the differential long-term stability of reported satisfaction for any given nation.
TL;DR: For example, this article used a linear path of progress to explain Xinjiang's relations with Han China, focusing on local elites, primarily Muslim minorities, as modernizers working through Han organizations, promoting the development in co-operation with Beijing.
Abstract: Before economic reform and political liberalization swept the socialist world, leading to disintegration of multinational states such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, nation-building in socialist economies was primarily studied in the context of modernization theory. This paradigm placed all developing countries along a continuum from tradition to modernity and attributed their movement along the path to domestic factors, with the central assumption that nation-building, assimilation of minority peoples and industrialization followed a linear path of progress. At the beginning of China's economic reforms Donald McMillen used this framework to explain Xinjiang's relations with Han China. McMillen focused on local elites, primarily Muslim minorities, as modernizers working through Han organizations, promoting Xinjiang's development in co-operation with Beijing.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine why the many corporate libraries play such a marginal role in today's corporation and propose alternatives which are better suited to today's corporate needs and constraints.
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive analysis of China's human rights theory and practice since 1949 is presented, which combines legal and institutional documentation with cultural explanation and social, political, and economic analysis.
Abstract: Set in the context of international human rights law, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of China's human rights theory and practice since 1949. It combines legal and institutional documentation with cultural explanation and social, political, and economic analysis. Particular attention is paid to developments in human rights in the post-1978 modernization era, particularly in the period since the tragic events of 1989.
TL;DR: Durkheim's theory of suicide stressed the historical processes of modernization in explaining the rise in suicide as discussed by the authors, but this theory has been largely ahistorical in the present day.
Abstract: Durkheim's theory of suicide stressed the historical processes of modernization in explaining the rise in suicide. Tests of Durkheim's theory have, however, been largely ahistorical. The present st...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the organizational changes due to the adoption of quality and productivity programs by Brazilian firms and try to understand why, how and when these changes occur, to what extent cultural patterns and the nature of power relations within organizations are changing, and seek if any plans for skilling organizations exist, or whether Brazilian modernization is limited to created skilled organizations.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyse the organizational changes due to the adoption of quality and productivity programmes by Brazilian firms; we try to understand why, how and when these changes occur, to what extent cultural patterns and the nature of power relations within organizations are changing, and to seek if any plans for skilling organizations exist, or whether Brazilian modernization is limited to created skilled organizations. A research project conducted among industrial enterprises in the region of Sao Paulo provides the empirical background need for the discussion of these issues.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the development of the Iranian city, specifically the following three aspects: spatial reorganization, economic changes, and consequences of urban change, is presented.
Abstract: The reforms initiated by Reza Shah's urban modernization drive led to changes not only in cultural patterns of urban life in Iran and the economic structure of the country, but even in spatial organization. The full effect of these initiatives only started to be felt under Mohammad Reza Shah, who continued to pursue the policy of his predecessor. For our specific purpose-urban change under Reza Shah-we will focus on an analysis of the development of the Iranian city, specifically the following three aspects: spatial reorganization; economic changes; and consequences of urban change.
TL;DR: The authors in this article present a historical background of the city by emphasizing the economic and urban development through development of infrastructures administrative support and other conveniences to attract domestic and foreign investors.
Abstract: The coastal region of China has undergone remarkable physical and social transformation upon the implementation of the open policy of the government in 1978. This book ( Chinas Coastal Cities ) is the culmination of a lengthy collaborative research project among scholars in China Hong Kong Canada and other countries and attempts to assess the impact of coastal zone development policies in Chinas modernization. The chapters present a historical background of the city by emphasizing the economic and urban development through development of infrastructures administrative support and other conveniences to attract domestic and foreign investors. In addition an overall conceptual framework for the study and clarification of trends policies and issues was also presented. Among the topics mentioned in the following chapters include port facilities industrial and urban development in North China; data and insights of modern Tianjin Yantai Quingdao Lianyungang Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Xiamen Guangzhou Shenzhen Taizhong and the Special Economic Zone. The final chapter examines the link between various cities.
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, Henriot examines the interaction of three groups competing for power: the municipal administrators, political activists, and members of the local business elites in Shanghai, highlighting the complex web of connections in the city.
Abstract: In 1927, China's newly ascendant Guomindang (GMD) regime had a fragile hold on authority in the country at large. Shanghai, China's most prosperous city, thus became a key place for the regime to establish control. In examining the policies of the Shanghai Municipal Government from 1927 to 1937 and their impact on daily life, Christian Henriot also addresses the larger question of state-society relations during the Nationalist period. Henriot examines the interaction of the three groups competing for power: the municipal administrators, GMD political activists, and members of the local business elites. By investigating the relations among individuals in these groups, Henriot highlights the complex web of connections in the city. He also explores attempts to modernize education, health, urban planning, and assistance to the poor, arguing that they were more effective than scholars previously thought. "Shanghai, 1927-1937" contributes significantly to our understanding of modern Chinese urban history.
TL;DR: In the post-Rio context, this poses enormous public policy problems regarding the level of legislation as discussed by the authors, local, national, international or transnational, and the distancing of the site of degradation from its original cause confuses the allocation of responsibility.
Abstract: Modernisation and global environmental degradation have coincided historically. When the relationship between the two is examined, globalised modernity can be seen to generate particular modes of knowledge, and simultaneously to displace, marginalise and then destroy others. Specific forms of large‐scale environmental degradation occur as a routine consequence of modernity as is well illustrated by the example of agriculture and its attendant expert knowledge system. The distancing of the site of degradation from its original cause confuses the allocation of responsibility. In the post‐Rio context, this poses enormous public policy problems regarding the level of legislation ‐ local, national, international or transnational.
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present trends and prospect of emerging democracies in a changing world, focusing on the less modernized nations and political development of the world, including Nigeria, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.
Abstract: 1. Introduction. I. MODERN DEMOCRACIES. 2. Industrial Democracies: Ideals and Reality. 3. Government and Politics in Great Britain. 4. Government and Politics in France: The End of French Exceptionalism. 5. Germany: Emerging Superpower with a Troubled Past. II. AUTOCRACIES IN TRANSITION. 6. Transitions to Democracy. 7. Russia and the Former Soviet Union. 8. The Nature of Political Development in the People's Republic of China. III. POLITICS IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. 9. The Less Modernized Nations and Political Development. 10. Nigeria: Tribalism and Cultural Diversity. 11. Modernization and Democratization in Latin America: Argentina and Brazil. 12. Mexico: An Emerging Democracy. 13. Conclusions: Trends and Prospects in a Changing World. Index.
TL;DR: The authors in this paper present a historical background of the city by emphasizing the economic and urban development through development of infrastructures administrative support and other conveniences to attract domestic and foreign investors.
Abstract: The coastal region of China has undergone remarkable physical and social transformation upon the implementation of the open policy of the government in 1978. This book ( Chinas Coastal Cities ) is the culmination of a lengthy collaborative research project among scholars in China Hong Kong Canada and other countries and attempts to assess the impact of coastal zone development policies in Chinas modernization. The chapters present a historical background of the city by emphasizing the economic and urban development through development of infrastructures administrative support and other conveniences to attract domestic and foreign investors. In addition an overall conceptual framework for the study and clarification of trends policies and issues was also presented. Among the topics mentioned in the following chapters include port facilities industrial and urban development in North China; data and insights of modern Tianjin Yantai Quingdao Lianyungang Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Xiamen Guangzhou Shenzhen Taizhong and the Special Economic Zone. The final chapter examines the link between various cities.