Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1997"

Globalisation and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development

Abstract: Contents: PART I - HISTORICAL STRUCTURES Introduction to Part I -International Political Economy -The Critical Theory of Robert Cox: Historical Structure -Historical Structure and Stage Theory 1 The History of Capitalist Expansion 2 Neo-Colonialism, Modernization and Dependency 3 Crisis and Restructuring: The New International Division of Labor PART II - GLOBALIZATION Introduction to Part II 4 From Expansion to Involution 5 Flexibility and Informationalism 6 Globalization 7 Global Governance: Regulation and Imperialism PART III - The POSTCOLONIAL WORLD Introduction to Part III 8 Africa: Exclusion and the Containment of Anarchy 9 Islamic Revolt 10 The Developmental States of East Asia 11Democracy, Civil Society and Postdevelopment in Latin America

Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey

Abstract: List of IllustrationsAcknowledgments Introduction, Sibel Bozdogan and Resat Kasaba Kemalist Certainties and Modern Ambiguities, Resat Kasaba Whither the Project of Modernity? Turkey in the 1990s, Caglar Keyder Modernization Policies and Islamist Politics in Turkey, Haldun Gulalp Projects as Methodology: Some Thoughts on Modern Turkish Social Science, Serif Mardin The Quest for the Islamic Self within the Context of Modernity, Nilufer Gole The Project of Modernity and Women in Turkey, Yesim Arat Gendering the Modern: On Missing Dimensions in the Study of Turkish Modernity, Deniz Kandiyoti The Predicament of Modernism in Turkish Architectural Culture: An Overview, Sibel BozdoganOnce There Was, Once There wasn't: National Monuments and Interpersonal Exchange, Michael E. Meeker Silent Interruptions: Urban Encounters with Rural Turkey, Gulsum Baydar Nalbantoglu Arabesk Culture: A Case of Modernization and Popular Identity, Ernest Gellner The Turkish Option in Comparative Perspective, Roger Owen Modernizing Projects in Middle Eastern Perspective, Joel S. Migdal Finding the Meeting Ground of Fact and Fiction: Some Reflections on Turkish Modernization, Joel S. Migdal List of ContributorsIndex

Southeast Asia: The Human Landscape of Modernization and Development

Abstract: The growth economies of Southeast Asia are presented by the World Bank and others as exemplars of development - 'miracle' economies to be emulated. How did the region attain such status? Are the 'other' countries of Southeast Asia able to achieve such a rapid growth? This book charts the development of Southeast Asia, examining the economies of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Burma alongside the established Asian market economies. Drawing on case studies from across the region, the author assesses poverty and ways in which the poor are identified and viewed. Process and change in the rural and urban 'worlds' are examined in detail, focusing on the strengthening rural-urban interaction as 'farmers' make a living in the urban-industrial sector and factories relocate into agricultural areas. Giving prominence to indigenous notions of development, based on Buddhism, Islam and the so-called 'Asian Way', the author critically assesses the conceptual foundations of development, ideas of post-developmentalism, and the 'miracle' thesis. In the light of the experience of one of the most vibrant regions in the world, the book places emphasis on the process of modernization within wider debates of development and challenges the notion that development has been a mirage for many and a tragedy for some.

Night Market: Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle

Abstract: In Thailand, a $4 billion per year tourist industry is the linchpin of the modernization process called the "Thai Economic Miracle". And what is Thailand's main attraction? Sex for hire. Year after year young women are lured to Bangkok to staff the teeming brothels, massage parlors, and sex bars that cater to male tourists from the United States, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, the Gulf States, Malaysia, and Singapore. Developed from Lillian S. Robinson's article in The Nation, Night Market traces the historical, cultural, material, and textual traditions that have combined in unique ways to establish sex tourism as an integral part of the developing Thai economy. It explores international sex tourism from the perspectives of economic-development planning, forced labor market choices, international sexual alienation, and textual traditions that have constructed sexual "Other" cultures in Western imagination.

Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1930-1940

Abstract: When Indian communities of Chiapas, Mexico, rose in armed rebellion in 1994, they spoke boldly of values, rights, identities, and expectations. Their language struck a chord for most Mexicans, for it was the cultural legacy of the Revolution of 1910. Of all the accomplishments of the Mexican Revolution, its cultural achievements were among its most important. The Revolution's cultural politics accounts in part for the relative political stability Mexico enjoyed from 1940 through 1993 and underlies much of the discourse accompanying the tumultuous transitions in that country today. To show the significance of this facet of the Revolution, Mary Kay Vaughan here analyzes the educational effort of the state during the 1930s, locating it within the broader sweep of Mexican history to illustrate how the government sought to nationalize and modernize rural society. Vaughan focuses on activities in rural schools, where central state policy makers, teachers, and people of the countryside came together to forge a national culture. She examines the cultural politics of schooling in four rural societies in the states of Sonora and Puebla that are representative of the peasant societies in revolutionary Mexico, and she shows how the state's program of socialist education became an arena for intense negotiations over power, culture, knowledge, rights, and gender practices. The real cultural revolution, Vaughan observes, lay not in the state's efforts at socialist education but in the dialogue between state and society that took place around this program. In the 1930s, rural communities carved out a space to preserve their local identities while the state succeeded in nurturing a multi-ethnic nationalism based on its promise of social justice and development. Vaughan brings to her analysis a comparative understanding of peasant politics and educational history, extensive interviews, and a detailed examination of national, regional, and local archives to create an evocative and informative study of Mexican politics and society during modern Mexico's formative years. Cultural Politics in Revolution clearly shows that only by expanding the social arena in which culture was constructed and contested can we understand the Mexican Revolution's real achievements.

Development economics : from the poverty to the wealth of nations

Abstract: 1. A Theoretical Framework for Economic Development 2. A Comparative Perspective on Developing Economies 3. Population Growth and the Constraint of Natural Resources 4. Breaking the Resource Constraint 5. Capital Accumulation in Economic Development 6. Patterns and Sources of Technological Progress 7. Income Distribution and Environmental Problems 8. Market and State 9. The Role of Community in Economic Modernization 10. Tradition and Modernization: A Concluding Remark

Representing Crisis: The Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation and the Project of Development in Post‐Rana Nepal

Abstract: Erik Eckholm in a 1976 treatise linked population growth to contemporary upland deforestation and soil erosion which are presumed to cause downstream flooding and silting. Since the 1980s Eckholms theory has come under intense criticism on empirical theoretical and ideological grounds. There is a widespread belief that an ecological crisis of unprecedented proportion is taking place in Nepals Himalayan region. An historiography of Eckholms theory is presented with regard to Nepals environmental crisis during the post-World War II period. That historiography reveals that representations of and discourses on the nature and extent of environmental degradation have been an important dimension of the modernization basic needs and neoliberal aid regimes which shaped the post-World War II development project in Nepal. The notion of aid regime refers to a given constellation of donors sectoral emphases aggregate assistance and composition of assistance. Within specific historical and institutional constellations some conclusions have seemed more logical than others and certain interventions have become more legitimate. The production of environmental interventions is intimately connected to the production of environmental knowledge both of which are intricately linked with power relations. The facts about environmental deterioration have become subordinate to the broader debates upon the politics of resource use and sustainable development.

The English Curriculum in the People's Republic of China

Abstract: The status and role of English as a school subject in China has fluctuated wildly because of its desirable but sensitive connotations. English is the language of world trade and communications, which makes its study an important strategy in implementing internationally-oriented policies for "modernization", while its historical overtones of imperialism, capitalism and even barbarianism are unwelcome for those who prefer more self-reliant and isolationist approaches. This paper traces the career of the English curriculum in China since 1949, with particular reference to the junior secondary school curriculum, through an analysis of the national syllabus and textbooks. It identifies five distinct periods and analyses the major forces of curriculum change, the dynamics of curriculum design, and the principal features of models for change in each of the periods. It is argued that the overall process of policy-making, and curriculum development specifically, has been characterized by a complexity and pattern of development which is not adequately recognized in existing portrayals that have focused on the relationship between macro political shifts and educational policies, and have emphasized the role of the state.

The Satanic Geographies of Globalization: Uneven Development in the 1990s

Abstract: In The Satanic Verses, published at the end of the 1980s, Salman Rushdie relates a story in which the Archangel Gibreel conveys a mischievously mistranslated revelation to Mahound (Muhammad), a "businessman turned prophet" who believes only in Allah. Rushdie's tale of Mahound offers a remarkable metaphor for certain aspects of the uneven global development that succeeded the postwar era and is ever more viscerally evident in the 1990s. There is no doubt that the language of globalization that has captured the public imagination, but the contemporary transnationalism of goods and bodies, cultures and information represents a trenchant continuity with processes and patterns of uneven development. The paradigm of modernization has been reinvented as globalization, but they both issue from the same mouth. The global restructuring of the 1980s and 1990s embodies not so much an evening out of social and economic development levels across the globe as a deepening and reorganization of existing patterns of uneven geographical development.

The Nawal El Saadawi Reader

Abstract: The religious revivalism in the Middle East and the outright suppression of women's legal rights and personal freedoms by Islamic states in Iran, Afghanistan and Sudan has another side to it which is often overlooked or at least not sufficiently appreciated That is the remarkable resistance of women, their skilful manoeuvring within gendered borderlines and their unbroken and unbreakable struggle for change The scholarship on Islam and gender issues which give prominence to the voices of women, rather than to the undeniably discriminatory gender practices in the Islamic societies, counter this important absence in the literatureDawn Chatty and Annika Rabo's Organizing Women: Formal and Informal Women's Groups in the Middle East grew out of a workshop held at the Centre for Cross-Cultural Research on Women at Oxford University in June 1995 The editors bring together a group of academics and researchers who survey women's activism in different countries of the Middle East including Lebanon, Morocco, Bahrain, Egypt and Kuwait They explore one of the most neglected and least documented areas of scholarship on Islam and gender issues, women's organizations The book is a much needed addition to the field of women's studies, comparative studies of gender issues and cultural studiesAs the editors note in their insightful introduction, women's organizations are not looked upon favourably in the Middle East In fact, except for charity-oriented and social service agencies, and women's associations sponsored and run by the state, independent women's organizations are not tolerated Various contributors to the book explore specific issues and constraints which women face in different countries in the region when they try to organize themselves as active agents and not as appendages of the state or of various political parties The volume consists of nine chapters, each confirming the general theme of the book In various countries of the Middle East, the creation of women's organization(s) has been linked with modernization projects which require the production of educated, career-oriented women who will dutifully participate in state-building, while simultaneously maintaining their nurturing role as mothers and wives As soon as a radical shift in women's discourse emerges, as Hya Al-Mughni's illuminating chapter on women's organizations in Kuwait demonstrates, government officials change the leadership of the organization, or dissolve it altogether Seen in this context, the reader will better appreciate why, for example, Senegalese women's associations, discussed in the chapter by Eva Evers Rosander, continue to maintain hierarchical caste and gender structures, or why in Lebanon, discussed by Suad Joseph, women's organizations acting on behalf of women are run by a small clique of women who reproduce 'the political processes of men's hierarchical, patron-client socio-political organizations'(p 62)After reading the chapters, the reader more fully appreciates the point raised in the introduction, that "in societies where civil consensus is unimportant, where individual voice is insignificant, where associations that cut across kin groups and tribes are feared, women who organize in groups are considered a threat to existing institutions" (p 18) And we might empathize with the editors' position that in this context, "greater efforts at organizing women will increase their dependence on the centres of power, whether these are national or international, civil or state run" (p 19)The Nawal El Saadawi Reader is a collection of El Saadawi's non-fiction writings on a host of topics, written over several years for international conferences and events The volume speaks to the pressing intellectual conceres that El Saadawi faces since the publication of her path-breaking nonfiction work The Hidden Face of Eye (Zed Books, 1980), both as a political activist and now as an Arab feminist widely acknowledged and celebrated inside and outside of the Middle East and North Africa …

Modernization and divorce: contrasting trends in Islamic Southeast Asia and the West.

Abstract: The author investigates differences in divorce rates in Western countries and in Southeast Asia. "First the general divorce rate trends...are elucidated using more-refined measures. Then the likely causes of the separate trends in Western countries and in Islamic Southeast Asia are examined to determine whether there is a unified explanation for the trends that is consistent with broader theories about divorce or whether the idiosyncratic features of the Malay-Muslim and Western settings restrict us to ad hoc interpretations of the trends." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)

Roads from past to future

Abstract: Chapter 1 Foreword Part 2 Introduction: Ways of Knowing Chapter 3 Future Social Science Chapter 4 Invisible Elbow Part 5 Contention and Social Change Chapter 6 The Modernization of Political Conflict in France Chapter 7 Does Modernization Breed Revolution?: Cities, Bourgeois, and Revolution in France Part 8 Power and Inequality Chapter 9 War Making and State Making as Organized Crime Chapter 10 Democracy is a Lake Chapter 11 Parlimentarization of Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 Part 12 Population Processes Chapter 13 Population and Pedagogy in France Chapter 14 Migration in Modern European History Chapter 15 Demographic Origins of the European Proletariat Chapter 16 Tilly On the Past as a Sequence of Futures

Secularization as an economic and cultural phenomenon : A cross-national analysis

Abstract: Previous research indicates the importance of the religious market theory in explaining cross-national differences in secularization. In this article, religious market variables are compared with indices of modernization and culture in explaining differences in religious mentality and religious activity. Data from the 1990 European Values Survey for 16 countries are used. In general, culture and modernization are more important than the religious market structure. Although church membership is explained by the religious market structure, the effects are opposed to the expectations. Of the modernization and cultural indices, development of welfare state and masculinity/femininity appear to be the most relevant characteristic. Of the market variables, level of state regulation is more important than religious pluralism.

Development and marital power in Mexico

Abstract: Using information on spousal violence and decision making from a recent survey, this research addresses two issues pertaining to marital power in Mexican families. The first issue is the accuracy of various portraits of marital power. The results show that wives face diverse circumstances. Husband dominance is neither universal nor insurmountable. The second issue is whether marital power is associated with processes specified in the modernization or marginalization perspectives on the consequences of development. Consistent with the modernization perspective, educational attainment is a key variable affecting wives' exposure to domestic violence, likelihood of having an equal say in decisions, and satisfaction with influence in decisions. The results also suggest that economic opportunities per se are overemphasized in both perspectives. Over the last several decades, the interconnections among economic change, social change, and the status of women in developing societies have received considerable attention in the social sciences. This attention has crystallized around two alternative theoretical perspectives. The modernization perspective suggests that ideational and structural changes that accompany development enhance the status of women. The expansion of the infrastructures of mass communication, education, economics, and health care elevates the position of women within families by increasing their access to various resources. Increased access to resources erodes both the desire and the incentive to maintain patterns of family organization that limit the ability of women to adopt nontraditional roles. In contrast, the marginalization perspective suggests that developmentrelated processes marginalize women by diminishing their productive roles. Women are relegated to the margins of production by the mechanization of

Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture

Abstract: Japan was the only non-Western nation to industrialize before 1900 and its leap into the modern era has stimulated vigorous debates among historians and social scientists. In an innovative discussion that posits the importance of physical well-being as a key indicator of living standards, Susan B. Hanley considers daily life in the three centuries leading up to the modern era in Japan. She concludes that people lived much better than has been previously understood - at levels equal or superior to their Western contemporaries. She goes on to illustrate how this high level of physical well-being had important consequences for Japan's ability to industrialize rapidly and for the comparatively smooth transition to a modern, industrial society. While others have used income levels to conclude that the Japanese household was relatively poor in those centuries, Hanley examines the material culture - food, sanitation, housing, and transportation. How did ordinary people conserve the limited resources available in this small island country? What foods made up the daily diet and how were they prepared? How were human wastes disposed of? How long did people live? Hanley answers all these questions and more in an accessible style and with frequent comparisons with Western lifestyles. Her methods allow for cross-cultural comparisons between Japan and the West as well as Japan and the rest of Asia. They will be useful to anyone interested in the effects of modernization on daily life.

Shanghai : transformation and modernization under China's open policy

Abstract: As China's largest city best known for its pre-eminent achievements in the early part of the twentieth century, Shanghai grew modestly in comparison with southern China after the adoption of China's open policy in 1978. With the 1990 announcement of Pudong as an area for special development, Shanghai has raced ahead, seemingly on its way to an economic and cultural resurgence that is likely to accelerate development and modernization in the Yangzi Delta and China at large. This volume focuses on the physical and socioeconomic transformation of Shanghai across a wide range of topics. Drawing on the experience and expertise of researchers primarily in Hong Kong, this study is a major contribution to the subject of economic development and social change in China. It seeks to understand, analyze and interpret how Shanghai has transformed itself in recent years.

Development ethics: a new discipline

Abstract: States that “development” has long been equated with modernization and western‐ization and studied as a straightforward economic issue. Reports that the discipline of economics has been the main source of policy prescription for development decision makers and that this view is now widely criticized as ethnocentric and as economically reductionist. Reveals that change is occurring: economics itself is reintegrating ethics in its conceptualization, methodology, and analysis; a new paradigm of development is in gestation; and a new discipline, development ethics, has come into being. Explains that development ethics centres its study of development on the value questions posed: what is the relation of having goods and being good in the pursuit of the good life, what are the foundations of a just society, and what stance should societies adopt towards nature? Thinks that the new discipline emerges from two sources, which are now converging: from engagement in development action to the formulation of ethical theory, and from a critique of mainstream ethical theory to the crafting of normative strategies to guide development practice. Concludes that development ethics has a dual mission: to render the economy more human and to keep hope alive in the face of the seeming impossibility of achieving human development for all.

The Sugar Masters: Slavery, Economic Development, and Modernization on Louisiana Sugar Plantations, 1820-1860.

Abstract: V I T A ....................................................... 502 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Mobility, Migration, Sex, STDs, and AIDS: An Essay on Sub-Saharan Africa With Other Parallels

Abstract: This book chapter discusses the role of colonialism and migration in sub-Saharan Africa in spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS. The rapid spread of AIDS was facilitated by the spread of communication and commerce. However the central exchange centers in markets brothels and lorry parks offer potentially useful sites for waging AIDS and STD prevention efforts. Throughout history migration has always facilitated the spread of infections but the spread of AIDS is particularly facilitated by migration. Migration to new places offers an uncontrolled opportunity to experience otherwise controlled sexual practices. Colonization brought infectious diseases exposure to new pathogens and disruption of society that promoted the spread of disease. Urban sex imbalances favoring males is more prevalent in East Africa where the impact of urban living on the sexual morality of daughters is feared jobs for women in towns are few and the number of male unmarried migrants or male separated migrants desiring commercial sex is high. Cities in Western coastal and Central Africa have a better sex balance. The exception is Abidjan where women do not have a tradition of trading. Seasonal and long-term migrants seek the sex trade in cities as do truck drivers and itinerant traders. The reasons for male demand for commercial sex are complex. Female sex workers tend to come from areas where male control of female sexual morality is weaker. AIDS levels tend to be 4-10 times higher in urban areas. Rural AIDS epidemics tend to be associated with population mobility. The female migrant stream from Ghana to Abidjan appears largely related to commercial sex work. Prostitutes were mostly young widows or deserted wives but more sex workers now are single women with a better education. The commercial sex trade thrives in mining areas. AIDS is also transmitted in multipartner sexual relations.

France and the international economy : from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome

Abstract: This is a comprehensive history of a critically formative period in French economic history. Frances Lynch covers topics such as the post-war negotiations for American aid, the reconstruction of a capital market, the modernization of French agriculture, the liberalization of trade in the 1950s and subsequent economic growth.

After Development: The Transformation of the Korean Presidency and Bureaucracy

Abstract: This book explores the dynamic changes now taking place in the South Korean government as a result of recent social and economic liberalization. Sung Deuk Hahm and L. Christopher Plein trace the emergence in Korea of a post-developmental state, in which both increasingly autonomous capital interests and growing public expectations of a higher quality of life challenge existing authoritarian institutions. Separating out the constituent parts of the Korean state, they then explore the evolving roles of the Korean presidency and bureaucracy in setting national policy. The authors analyze the importance of social and cultural factors, as well as the motives of individual political actors, in shaping institutional change in Korea. They show how shifting socioeconomic conditions have altered the way political decisions are made. Hahm and Plein illustrate these transitions with concrete examples of policy making in the area of technology development and transfer - an area of critical importance to Korea's rapid modernization.

Beyond Modernization and Development, or Why the Poor Reject Development

Abstract: This paper examines the processes and impact of modernization and development paradigms upon poor communities in non‐Western societies. It traces the original classical meaning of modernization as ...

The end of the peasantry : the rural labor movement in northeast Brazil, 1961-1988

Abstract: The rural labor movement played a surprisingly active role in Brazil s transition to democracy in the 1980s. While in most Latin American countries rural labor was conspicuously marginal, in Brazil, an expanded, secularized, and centralized movement organized strikes, staged demonstrations for land reform, demanded political liberalization, and criticized the government s environmental policies.In this ground-breaking book, Anthony W. Pereira explains this transition as the result of two intertwined processes - the modernization of agricultural production and the expansion of the welfare state into the countryside - and explores the political consequences of these processes, occurring not only in Latin America but in much of the Third World."

Ideologies of history in the Spanish Golden Age

Abstract: Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was in the throes of modernization arising from trade with the New World and the rise of an urban society. During this period, Spanish culture came to be dominated by the tension between an old regime of traditional values-honor, lineage, purity of blood-and these modernizing influences. Anthony J. Cascardi examines the literature of the Golden Age as the point at which tensions between the old and the new converged and proposes that this historical drama provided the context for subject-formation in early modern Spain. He examines how Spanish writers envisioned history and studies how these visions revealed or concealed contradictions between social values of their time, particularly between the value systems of caste and class. Ideologies of History in the Spanish Golden Age draws on recent theoretical paradigms in contemporary philosophy, psychoanalysis, political and social theory, and literary history to place Spain's major literary figures in challenging new contexts. By accounting for both modernizing desires and resistances to modernization, Cascardi provides readers interested in theories of ideology and history with a new way of looking at the literature of the Spanish Golden Age.