Showing papers on "Molecular breeding published in 2006"

Principles of plant genetics and breeding

Abstract: principles of plant genetics and breeding. 2nd edition department of genetics and plant breeding principles of plant genetics and breeding eaal plants breeding & genetics dbrau plant breeding and genetics course title: genetic methods in plant breeding read online plant breeding and genetics books palnt breeding monsanto quantitative genetics, molecular markers, and plant plant sciences (plsc) north dakota state university principles of animal breeding biology major quantitative genetics and plant breeding plant science 4325/7325 field crop breeding instructor principles of genetics rkrajoria home download link plant breeding books free download plant biotechnology and genetics: principles, techniques genetics and plant breeding indian council of essentials of plant breeding stemmapress the future of plant breeding plant sciences home plant breeding by b d singh pdfsdocuments2 article evolution of plant breeding scielo principles and procedures of plant breeding free download principles of plant genetics and breeding pdf po box 772, port townsend, wa 98368 introduction to on pg syllabus genetics & plant breeding free download principles of plant genetics and breeding book spring 2013 agrn 472 principles of plant breeding – i skill development series no-01 oar@icrisat marker-assisted plant breeding: principles and practices principles and procedures of plant breeding genetics mendelian & modern principles 10. fish genetics and breeding cife mumbai history of the us hybrid corn seed industry thomas msc plant sciences specialization f: plant breeding principles of plant breeding 73913 plant breeding researchgate text plant breeding by b d singh pdfsdocuments2 principles and procedures of plant breeding principles of plant genetics and breeding ebookdigz department of genetics and plant breeding final mant breeding and molecular gen. mgmibt principles of plant breeding robert wayne allard principles of plant science and hydroculture tn wiley: principles of plant genetics and breeding, 2nd principles of plant genetics and breeding, second edition wiley: principles of plant genetics and breeding george

Increasing salt tolerance in the tomato

Abstract: In this paper, a number of strategies to overcome the deleterious effects of salinity on plants will be reviewed; these strategies include using molecular markers and genetic transformation as tools to develop salinity-tolerant genotypes, and some cultural techniques. For more than 12 years, QTL analysis has been attempted in order to understand the genetics of salt tolerance and to deal with component traits in breeding programmes. Despite innovations like better marker systems and improved genetic mapping strategies, the success of marker-assisted selection has been very limited because, in part, of inadequate experimental design. Since salinity is variable in time and space, experimental design must allow the study of genotype x environment interaction. Genetic transformation could become a powerful tool in plant breeding, but the growing knowledge from plant physiology must be integrated with molecular breeding techniques. It has been shown that the expression of several transgenes promotes a higher level of salt tolerance in some species. Despite this promising result, the development of a salt-tolerant cultivar by way of transgenesis has still not been achieved. Future directions in order to overcome the present limitations are proposed. Three cultural techniques have proved useful in tomato to overcome, in part, the effects of salinity: treatment of seedlings with drought or NaCl ameliorates the adaptation of adult plants to salinity; mist applied to tomato plants grown in Mediterranean conditions improves vegetative growth and yield in saline conditions; and grafting tomato cultivars onto appropriate rootstocks could reduce the effects of salinity.

Biotechnology approaches to overcome biotic and abiotic stress constraints in legumes

Abstract: Biotic and abiotic stresses cause significant yield losses in legumes and can significantly affect their productivity. Biotechnology tools such as marker-assisted breeding, tissue culture, in vitro mutagenesis and genetic transformation can contribute to solve or reduce some of these constraints. However, only limited success has been achieved so far. The emergence of “omic” technologies and the establishment of model legume plants such as Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus are promising strategies for understanding the molecular genetic basis of stress resistance, which is an important bottleneck for molecular breeding. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the expression of stress-related genes is a fundamental issue in plant biology and will be necessary for the genetic improvement of legumes. In this review, we describe the current status of biotechnology approaches in relation to biotic and abiotic stresses in legumes and how these useful tools could be used to improve resistance to important constraints affecting legume crops.

Chickpea molecular breeding: New tools and concepts

Abstract: Chickpea is a cool season grain legume of exceptionally high nutritive value and most versatile food use. It is mostly grown under rain fed conditions in arid and semi-arid areas around the world. Despite growing demand and high yield potential, chickpea yield is unstable and productivity is stagnant at unacceptably low levels. Major yield increases could be achieved by development and use of cultivars that resist/tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. In recent years the wide use of early maturing cultivars that escape drought stress led to significant increases in chickpea productivity. In the Mediterranean region, yield could be increased by shifting the sowing date from spring to winter. However, this is hampered by the sensitivity of the crop to low temperatures and the fungal pathogen Ascochyta rabiei. Drought, pod borer (Helicoverpa spp.) and the fungus Fusarium oxysporum additionally reduce harvests there and in other parts of the world. Tolerance to rising salinity will be a future advantage in many regions. Therefore, chickpea breeding focuses on increasing yield by pyramiding genes for resistance/tolerance to the fungi, to pod borer, salinity, cold and drought into elite germplasm. Progress in breeding necessitates a better understanding of the genetics underlying these traits. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) would allow a better targeting of the desired genes. Genetic mapping in chickpea, for a long time hampered by the little variability in chickpea’s genome, is today facilitated by highly polymorphic, co-dominant microsatellite-based markers. Their application for the genetic mapping of traits led to inter-laboratory comparable maps. This paper reviews the current situation of chickpea genome mapping, tagging of genes for ascochyta blight, fusarium wilt resistance and other traits, and requirements for MAS. Conventional breeding strategies to tolerate/avoid drought and chilling effects at flowering time, essential for changing from spring to winter sowing, are described. Recent approaches and future prospects for functional genomics of chickpea are discussed.

Application of biotechnology in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress

Abstract: Lentil is a self-pollinating diploid (2n = 14 chromosomes) annual cool season legume crop that is produced throughout the world and is highly valued as a high protein food. Several abiotic stresses are important to lentil yields world wide and include drought, heat, salt susceptibility and iron deficiency. The biotic stresses are numerous and include: susceptibility to Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta lentis; Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum; Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum; Sclerotinia white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; rust, caused by Uromyces fabae; and numerous aphid transmitted viruses. Lentil is also highly susceptible to several species of Orabanche prevalent in the Mediterranean region, for which there does not appear to be much resistance in the germplasm. Plant breeders and geneticists have addressed these stresses by identifying resistant/tolerant germplasm, determining the genetics involved and the genetic map positions of the resistant genes. To this end progress has been made in mapping the lentil genome and several genetic maps are available that eventually will lead to the development of a consensus map for lentil. Marker density has been limited in the published genetic maps and there is a distinct lack of co-dominant markers that would facilitate comparisons of the available genetic maps and efficient identification of markers closely linked to genes of interest. Molecular breeding of lentil for disease resistance genes using marker assisted selection, particularly for resistance to Ascochyta blight and Anthracnose, is underway in Australia and Canada and promising results have been obtained. Comparative genomics and synteny analyses with closely related legumes promises to further advance the knowledge of the lentil genome and provide lentil breeders with additional genes and selectable markers for use in marker assisted selection. Genomic tools such as macro and micro arrays, reverse genetics and genetic transformation are emerging technologies that may eventually be available for use in lentil crop improvement.

Improving Lives: 50 Years of Crop Breeding, Genetics, and Cytology (C‐1)

Abstract: During the past 50 yr, we have witnessed a revolution in the science of plant breeding, genetics, and cytology, and its impact on human lives (e.g., the Green Revolution). Because of increased productivity, breeding objectives evolved from predominantly improving yield to include greater quality and value-added traits. The discovery of the chemical nature of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), coupled with Mendelian genetics led to the refinement of quantitative genetics, the robust use of molecular markers, and transgenic crop plants. Cytogenetics elucidated the physical structure of chromosomes, aided trait and molecular mapping, and greatly enhanced the exploitation of genetic variation from wild relatives, as have transgenes and mutations. The fundamental process of selection has been improved by a better understanding of gene action, when to select, and better methods to select plants and analyze their relationship to the environments in which they grow. Single-seed descent plant breeding methods were popularized and evolved to doubled haploid breeding. Plant breeding, genetics, and cytology remain impact sciences that will continue to improve lives as part of the Evergreen Revolution.

Progress and prospects of marker assisted backcrossing as a tool in crop breeding programs

Abstract: Marker assisted backcrossing (MAB) is one of the most anticipated and frequently cited benefits of molecular markers as indirect selection tools in breeding programs. However, routine implementations of MAB in ongoing plant breeding programs are still scarce. Currently MAB of single gene is perhaps the most powerful approach that uses DNA markers effectively. Improvement of quantitative traits loci (QTLs) through MAB resulted to variable results ranging from limited success and/or even a failure to a few highly successful stories. A major constraint to the implementation of MAB in pragmatic breeding programs has been the high relative cost compared to conventional phenotypic selection. It is a popular misconception that a ‘DNA fingerprint’ is always to be preferred. To be useful to plant breeders, gains made from MAB must be more cost-effective than gains through traditional breeding or MAB must generate significant time savings, which justifies the additional cost involved. Currently, most national agricultural research systems (NARS) in Africa have either no or very limited facilities, skilled manpower, and financing for integrating molecular markers as part of their breeding programs. Therefore, conventional breeding methods remain the main option for NARS for many years to come, but targeted use of MAB may become a supplement if well-validated markers are developed or available through collaboration with the international agricultural research centers. This paper provides detail review of the current literature on MAB, including requirements and selected experimental results.

Impact of plant breeding on genetic diversity of agricultural crops: searching for molecular evidence

Abstract: There is a long-standing concern that modern plant breeding reduces crop genetic diversity, which may have consequences for the vulnerability of crops to changes in pests, diseases, climate and agricultural practices. Recent molecular assessments of genetic diversity changes in existing genepools of major agricultural crops may shed some light on the impact of plant breeding on crop genetic diversity. Reviewing published assessments revealed different impacts of plant breeding on improved genepools, not only narrowing or widening their genetic base, but also shifting their genetic background. In general, the genome-wide reduction of crop genetic diversity accompanying genetic improvement over time is minor, but allelic reduction at individual chromosomal segments is substantial. More efforts are needed to assess what proportion of lost alleles is associated with undesirable traits.

Methodological Advancement in Molecular Markers to Delimit the Gene(s) for Crop Improvement

Abstract: Molecular markers, in recent years, have accelerated plant breeding methods significantly with an objective of crop improvement. At present a variety of molecular markers are available and the choice of using a particular type of marker depends on the user. With the advances in the area of genomics, new type and gene-derived markers as well as novel approaches such as genetical genomics, linkage disequilibrium (LD)- based association mapping, etc. have been developed for identification of “perfect” markers for their use in breeding practices. The present article provides an overview on presently available but main type of molecular markers and their use in trait mapping, map-based cloning, estimation of diversity in germplasm collection to understand the population structure as well as in the area of comparative genomics. While dealing the above topics, major emphasis have been given on modern genomics tools and approaches such as functional molecular markers (EST-SSRs, EST-SNPs, SFPs), expression genetics or genetical genomics, high throughput approaches and automation technologies, public databases, etc. Utilization of modern genomics approaches such as functional genomics coupled with molecular marker technologies have a great potential to facilitate plant breeding practices and thus marker-assisted breeding seems to be evolved to genomics-assisted breeding in the near future.

Improvement in the haploid technique routinely used for breeding sweet and spice peppers in Hungary

Abstract: Large numbers of genetically stable, homozygous plants are needed for classical and molecular breeding programmes. In vitro anther culture has proved to be a useful tool for haploid/doubled haploid (DH) induction in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for more than twenty years. The present paper reports on a great improvement in the in vitro haploid induction and genome duplication methods routinely used for resistance breeding in sweet and spice peppers by two Hungarian research institutions, the Agricultural Biotechnology Center in Godollő and the Budapest Research Unit of the Vegetable Crops Research Institute. As a result of the colchicine-stimulated early genome induction method, the critically low (<0.1%) regeneration frequency of spice pepper types became ten times greater, reaching a value of around 1.0%, though this was still considerably lower than that achieved in pepper varieties for fresh consumption (5-10%). Moreover, the ratio of useful doubled haploids was far higher (H:DH = 1:2 or 1:4) in some c...

Molecular Breeding for the Genetic Improvement of Forage Crops and Turf

Abstract: Objectives and benefits of molecular breeding in forage species 19 T. Lübberstedt Introgression mapping in the grasses 31 I.P. King, J. King, I.P. Armstead, J.A. Harper, L.A. Roberts, H. Thomas, H.J. Ougham, R.N. Jones, A. Thomas, BJ Moore, L. Huang and I.S. Donnison QTL analysis and trait dissection in ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) 43 T. Yamada and J.W. Forster Translational genomics for alfalfa varietal improvement 55 G.D. May Application of molecular technologies in forage plant breeding 63 K.F. Smith, J.W. Forster, M.P. Dobrowolski, N.O.I. Cogan, N.R. Bannan, E. van Zijll de Jong, M. Emmerling and G.C. Spangenberg A computational pipeline for the development of comparative anchor tagged sequence (CATS) markers 73 L. Schauser, J. Fredslund, L. Heegaard Madsen, N. Sandal and J. Stougaard Future directions in the molecular breeding of forage and turf 83 G.C. Spangenberg, J.W. Forster, D. Edwards, U. John, A. Mouradov, M. Emmerling, J. Batley, S. Felitti, N.O.I. Cogan, K.F. Smith and M.P. Dobrowolski Application of molecular markers in genetic resources management of perennial ryegrass 99 R. van Treuren

The breeding of hop.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of hop breeding. Hop breeding is in the infancy stage in sophistication and application of classical and molecular techniques when compared to other cultivated crops. Much of this state is attributed to the minor crop status of this crop coupled with the specialized nature of use for flavoring and the need to maintain end-product consistency from year to year. Nevertheless, given the small number of hop breeding programs around the world, much can be said regarding the successful adaptation of new breeding techniques, particularly new molecular breeding techniques that are being applied to hop. Most of the early breeding efforts in hop used mass selection followed later by the use of simple pedigree breeding focused upon the use of a few select cultivars as parents. Hop production and breeding requires large plot sizes for individual genotypes and this fact alone has precluded breeders from observing large numbers of individuals or offspring for selection purposes. It has only been within the past 15 years that hop breeders have expanded beyond the simple pedigree breeding technique to include recurrent selection or use of multiple designed crosses incorporating several traits into single genetic backgrounds.

Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding

Abstract: The potential value of genetic markers, linkage maps and indirect selection in plant breeding has been known for over 80 years. However, it was not until the development of DNA marker technology in the 1980s, that a large enough number of environmentally insensitive genetic markers could be generated to adequately tag a range of important agronomic traits. Since this time DNA marker technology has promised to dramatically enhance the efficiency of plant breeding as molecular biology has already revolutionized research in the life sciences. Yet it is only now as we enter the new millennium that advances in automated technology present the convenience, speed and level of throughput that can finally offer relevance to modern plant breeding pro grams. The theoretical basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding is well established but still rapidly evolving with a wide array of published examples covering most crops of major economic importance. Meanwhile, dramatic advances are being made in applied genomics, which will undoubtedly fuel the development of Knowledge-led breeding schemes. However, beyond these scientific developments there is a particular paucity of studies addressing the practical and economic benefits of molecular breeding.

Literature Review of Researches on molecular breeding in Camellia oleifera

Abstract: Research status on genetic improvement in Camellia oleifera were introduced in this paper,and the literature of researches on molecular breeding in Camellia oleifera were reviewed,related to system classification and genetic diversity,identification of fine strain,differential gene expression in different tissue,EST library establishment,and gene transformation.

Beyond R genes: dissecting disease-resistance pathways using genomics and proteomics

Abstract: Breeding for disease resistance in crops has mainly been accomplished by incorporating single resistance (R) genes. There are advantages to quantitative resistance in terms of durability but breeding for this type of resistance is difficult. New technologies in genomics and proteomics are providing insights into disease-resistance pathways. Structural genomics can identify genomic regions that carry genes controlling these pathways and provide a means for identifying and cloning the genes involved. High-throughput molecular breeding can be used to rapidly assess a large number of lines and select for multiple-resistance quantitative trait loci. This makes breeding for complex resistance types feasible. Functional genomics can identify genes involved in the resistance pathway. By merging structural and functional genomics it will be possible to correlate complex patterns of gene expression with genomic regions and identify key elements that control entire pathways. To fully understand the pathways it is ne...

Method for producing environmental stress resistant plant

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a new means for the molecular breeding of a plant having improved resistance to environmental stress such as drought stress. SOLUTION: At1g13990 gene or At4g01026 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is transferred and expressed in a plant to impart the plant with resistance to environmental stress such as drought stress. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Molecular marker for artificial yellow seed rape (brassica napus L.) and its application

Abstract: The invention selects proper parental generation for hybridization to obtain F1 plant, then obtaining DH separated group by microspore culture; constructs two gene ponds of rape yellow seed group and black seed group, designs specific primer, PCR, recover, clones and sequenchs to obtain the RAPD and AFLP marked fragment named as SCS1130 and SCA1 with nucleotide sequence as SEQ ID No:1 or 2. This invention provides new practical marker gene for rape molecular breeding.

Theory and method of genetic improvement in mariculture mollusks: a review

Abstract: A strategy to improve aquaculture mollusks in genetics, which involve the theory, method, material and application system, is very important for the sustainable development of the marine molluscan breeding and industry Selection and hybridization as the traditional way have proved effective in the genetic improvement of mariculture mollusks The growth had increased significantly by selective breeding in oysters as well as the resisitance to MSX and QX disease A frame chart of genetic improvement of mollusks had been derived from the breeding application of abalone and scallop The systematic breeding with selection and hybridization has a substantial progress based on the family establishment in Haliotis discus hannai, H diversicolor, Argopecten irradians, Chlamys farreri and Pinctada martensii The first self-fertilized family of bay scallop had been established in the 1999 and then a series of family lines with different traits have been succeed and formed the basic element of genetic breeding The hybridization of Pacific abalone between diffeent populations with a large genetic distance has showed a remarkable traits The hybrid of Pacific abalone has applied to improve the traits of growth and resistance in the aquaculture and 98% seed used in the farming is hybrid The hybridization among populations has used in other mariculture mollusks such as zhikong scallop, bay scallop, pearl oyster and small abalone Hybridization among different populations and systematic and massive selection are the dominant approaches in the genetic improvement of mollusks So far in China the material system for molluscan genetics and breeding is more considerable as well as the basic theory of heritability, heterosis, inbreeding depression, genetic-environment interaction for the genetic improvement The different lines have been produced by self-fertilization, inbreeding and crossing and some self-fertilized lines of bay scallop have been bred to F_4 successively The color traits heritable are useful as the marker of selective breeding It is necessary to deal with the molecular marker-assisted selection and design breeding The molluscan mortality happened in aquaculture was mainly resulted from the physiological depression under the interaction of genetics and environment So the phenomena of minimization and abnormal mortality in the mariculture mollusks should be described as “trait depression”

Development and use of molecular markers for wheat genomics and breeding

Abstract: Calli were induced from scutellum-supported embryos of immature seeds in three lines of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum, two cultivars of T. aestivum subsp. aestivum, and two experimental stocks with the sphaerococcum trait. Differences in growth rates of the calli from different cultivars were observed. Calli from experimental stocks carrying the sphaerococcum trait were smaller than the rest. Calli obtained from the scutellum-supported embryos of mature seeds in four cultivars of T. aestivum subsp. aestivum and the two experimental stocks showed that the growth rate of the calli from experimental stocks carrying sphaerococcum trait were significantly lower.

Animal breeding in the genomics era

Abstract: Recent progress in molecular biology and genetics is creating novel opportunities in animal breeding. We herein discuss advances in the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and genes that influence agronomically important traits and the use of this novel information in socalled marker assisted selection (MAS). We also describe advances in methods for the generation of transgenic livestock and reflect on the potential applications of this technology in animal production.

Research Progress on Two-line Super Hybrid Rice Breeding in China

Abstract: The latest progresses in the theory and practice of two-line super hybrid rice breeding in China were summarizedThe main direction of attack and strategy for two-line super hybrid rice breeding were put forward, in which the innovation of germplasms and genetic improvement of the parents by molecular breeding technology were expected to be key in two-line super hybrid rice breeding in the near future

Present Status and Prospect of Molecular Breeding for Blast Resistance

Abstract: Blast is one of the most devastating rice disease.In the present review,in addition to use conventional breeding method,molecular breeding strategy is also extensively used to improve rice resistance to blast in the world.Now transgenic strategy using both blast resistance development genes and foreign genes,and molecular marker assisted selection to improve blast resistance were presented.Some breeding strategies to improve blast resistance are suggested based on present status of breeding.

Advance in association studies of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene polymorphisms with traits of resistance against infectious disease in chickens

Abstract: Chicken is a main poultry in China. Molecular breeding for disease resistance plays an important role in the control of diseases, especially infectious diseases. Choice of genes for disease resistance is the key technology of molecular breeding. The MHC is of great interest to poultry breeding scientists for its extraordinary polymorphism and close relation with traits of resistance against infectious diseases. The article gives a detailed introduction about the association of MHC gene polymorphisms with traits of resistance against infectious diseases in chickens and looks towards the future of application of MHC in molecular breeding of chicken for disease resistance.

A method enhancing the resistance against plant diseases by the over-expression of oswrky6 gene, oswrky6 gene having this activity, a expression vector containing the same gene and a transgenic plant cell

Abstract: A method for enhancing the resistance against plant diseases and a transformant over-expressing an OsWRKY6 gene are provided to be utilized as a molecular breeding material for developing a disease-resistant crop by having excellent bacterial blight resistance in rice as well as resistance against wide range of pathogenic bacteria range resistance, be used for various crops because other crops preserve well disease defense mechanism relating to the OsWRKY6 gene and decrease the use of pesticide due to the disease resistant species breeding, thereby improving the productivity and supplying safe agricultural products. A method for enhancing the resistance against plant diseases comprises the steps of: (a) preparing an expression vector pB2GW7-OsWRKY6 having a cleavage map depicted in Fig. 4b including an OsWRKY6 gene consisting of SEQ ID : NO. 1; and (b) introducing the expression vector into a plant cell to prepare a transformant over-expressing the OsWRKY6 gene. A transformant is transformed by the expression vector pB2GW7-OsWRKY6, wherein the transformant is selected from the group consisting of a rice cell, a cabbage cell, a hot pepper cell, a potato cell and a rape cell. Further, the plant diseases are selected from a group consisting of Bacterial blight, rice blast disease, Rice stripe tenuivirus, Rhizoctonia solani, Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus and Mycosphaerella leaf spot.