Showing papers on "New public management published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the demand side of the public sector and focus on normative rather than positive models, arguing that the value and usefulness of the Tiebout model is likely to diminish in the future, and an alternative or alternatives are needed.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the demand side of the public sector and focuses on normative rather than positive models. The political economy of the local public sector has been studied by both political scientists and economists, but efforts to combine the two have had limited success. The addition of supply-side-political assumptions to Tiebout models has led largely to negative conclusions about the existence and efficiency of the local public competitive analogy. The Tiebout model has provided one useful, albeit somewhat artificial, model of a more or less competitive local public sector. However, the value and usefulness of the Tiebout model is likely to diminish in the future, and an alternative or alternatives are needed. Several monopoly models of local government have been suggested to provide a useful counterpart to the Tiebout approach. Public goods are viewed as brands that differ in one or more of the attributes. The extent to which local governments compete among themselves in the supply of the public good becomes issues that are studied using modern techniques of industrial organization. Local public economics is a subject area that is rich with empirical work, but a good deal of high quality work remains to be undertaken. The relationship between the mobility of households and the provision of local public services is one area that typifies work in local public finance. A well-specified and correctly estimated model helps to evaluate the correct method by which the demands for local public goods are determined.
359 citations
TL;DR: The modified Research, Development, and Diffusion (RD&D) model, as exemplified by change agents in federal organizations, was examined as a viable strategy for disseminating social program innovations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The modified Research, Development, and Diffusion (RD&D) model, as exemplified by change agents in federal organizations, was examined as a viable strategy for disseminating social program innovations. This study of seven nationally disseminated education and criminal justice projects was designed to refine the methodology for measuring innovation implementation. We measured program fidelity, reinvention, and effectiveness in a diverse set of program settings. Results of the research suggested that high-fidelity adopters tended to produce more effective implementations than low-fidelity adopters. Local modifications to the model were unrelated to effectiveness, whereas local additions to the model tended to enhance effectiveness. Findings supported the utility of the modified RD&D model of innovation dissemination with public sector social programs.
289 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The role of the private sector is pervasive in the provision of services in developing countries as mentioned in this paper, and the examples given are but a small part of the tip of a very large iceberg.
Abstract: This book has shown that the role of the private sector is pervasive in the provision of services in developing countries. The examples given are but a small part of the tip of a very large iceberg. This is particularly the case in education, health, and urban transport sectors, where private services have been provided in all societies from the earliest times. There are fewer examples in the electricity and telecommunications sectors, because they are of comparatively recent origin. Of all the areas studied, piped water and sewerage systems seem to be the ones in which the private sector is least involved.
194 citations
TL;DR: The adoption of the discourse of management by Australian public services in the 1980s can be seen as a cultural revolution as discussed by the authors, where results-oriented management, subordinated to economic considerations, is the dominant approach.
Abstract: The adoption of the discourse of management by Australian public services in the 1980s can be seen as a cultural revolution. Results-oriented management, subordinated to economic considerations, is the dominant approach. The upper levels of the public services have been remodelled in the form of a technically-oriented elite recruited on merit, defined in terms of higher education credentials, drawing a technical intelligentsia, or “new class”, into public employment. Although “people and process” approaches, espoused in particular by women, find a place in the new culture, they are subordinated to the demands of scientific management. While the technical intelligentsia is resistant to traditional forms of bureaucratic authority and open to rational debate and new ideas, its members are not well equipped to take account of the substantive concerns of public policy and service provision. The distinctiveness of public management is submerged by inappropriate private sector models, and issues tend to be reduced to economic ones. The paradox that this culture has risen to prominence under Labor governments is explored and the developments are placed in the context of contemporary demands placed on the Australian state by private capital.
131 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an introduction to public sector financial control in the public sector and a glossary of terms used in this context. But they do not discuss the role of the National Health Service.
Abstract: Introduction. 1. An Introduction to Public Sector Financial Control. 2. Financial Accountability. 3. Management Control in the Public Sector. 4. Budget Innovation and Reform. 5. Investment Appraisal. 6. Auditing. 7. Central Government. 8. Local Government. 9. The National Health Service. 10. The Nationalized Industries. 11. Concluding Comments. Glossary of Terms. Index.
45 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The authors measured the "size" of the public sector and the role of government intervention in the creation of a public sector, and the economic consequences of public sector freedom and privatisation.
Abstract: Market Failure - a Rationale for Government Intervention? Governmental Failure: a Rationale for Market Provision? Measuring Leviathan: the "size" of the Public Sector The Growth of the Public Sector Constitutional Bias and Fiscal Illusions Bureaucratic Inefficiency Private Responses to Public Expenditure Decisions Privatisation The Economic Consequences of Financing the Public Sector Freedom and the Public Sector.
37 citations
TL;DR: Public Sector Payrolls (PSP) as discussed by the authors is a survey of the public and private sectors and their effect on the economy as a whole, developed from a 1984 National Bureau of Economic Research conference, focusing on various labor issues in military and other governmental employment Several contributors discuss compensation in the armed forces and its relationship to that in the private sector.
Abstract: An estimated one out of five employees in this country works for some branch of government Because policies concerning the compensation of these employees rest on assumptions about the economic dynamics of the public sector, the issue of public sector employment is of vital importance in the analysis of the national economy In "Public Sector Payrolls," leading economists explore the independent and interdependent functioning of the public and private sectors and their effect on the economy as a whole The volume, developed from a 1984 National Bureau of Economic Research conference, focuses on various labor issues in military and other governmental employment Several contributors discuss compensation in the armed forces and its relationship to that in the private sector, as well as the interaction between the military and the private sector in the employment of youth This latter is of particular interest because studies of youth employment have generally ignored the important influence of military hiring practices on labor market conditions In other contributions, the response of wages and employment in the public sector to economic conditions is analyzed, and a detailed study of government pension plans is presented Also included is a theoretical and empirical analysis of comparable worth in the public sector from the viewpoint of analytical labor economics The volume concludes with a look at public school teachers' salaries in the context of current debates over improving the quality of American education A valuable resource to policymakers, "Public Sector Payrolls" will be an important addition to research in the field of labor economics
37 citations
TL;DR: The fourth Labour government in New Zealand has embarked upon the most radical and systematic reorganization of the state sector since the creation of a unified, non-partisan, career-oriented service in 1912 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Since its election in July 1984 the fourth Labour government in New Zealand has embarked upon the most radical and systematic reorganization of the state sector since the creation of a unified, non-partisan, career-oriented service in 1912. The reforms include the commercialization of many of the goods and services provided by state agencies, the turning of public trading enterprises into corporations, major administrative changes and the overhauling of state pay-fixing arrangements. This article examines the theoretical assumptions underpinning Labour's strategy and assesses the extent to which the new arrangements are likely to achieve their intended purpose of improving the efficiency, flexibility and accountability of the public sector.
35 citations
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the key elements in the interactions between the Council for National Academic Awards and its associated institutions, sketch the shifting balance of responsibilities from the CNAA to its associated universities, and make some observations on course review in the public sector compared with the university sector.
Abstract: Since the establishment of the UK binary system of higher education in the mid-1960s, the Council for National Academic Awards and the public sector institutions have together evolved a distinctive system for quality maintenance. The paper has three goals: to identify the key elements in the interactions between the CNAA and its associated institutions; to sketch the shifting balance of responsibilities from the CNAA to its associated institutions; and to make some observations on course review in the public sector compared with the university sector. Central to the UK public sector is the sense, within institutions, that the responsibility for the maintenance of quality is an essentially corporate enterprise. That corporate review process has, until the present time, been conducted through the framework of a national peer review system. However, the university and the public sectors are converging in their course review processes, with individual institutions assuming greater responsibility for the quality of their courses. These changes make uncertain the continuation of the national context for course review.
20 citations
TL;DR: In the public sector, the difficulties are likely to be even greater as discussed by the authors, and it has been shown that even in the private sector, it is hard to introduce such schemes successfully.
Abstract: Throughout the public sector attempts are being made to introduce merit rewards for managers, mimicking as far as possible the private sector. But research has shown that it is hard, even in the private sector, to introduce such schemes successfully. In the public sector, the difficulties are likely to be even greater.
TL;DR: A review of the literature examining the relationship between public expenditure and service can be found in this article, where some working assumptions or hypotheses about the spending-service relationship are explored in the third section.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the spending-service relationship in government and with the impact of management on it. While service delivery is but one of government's functions, its management has become an increasingly important concern: slower growth in public money places a higher social premium on "making the most" of government resources; public choice theory challenges the core assumption of many academicians that public management can become more "competitive"; privatization, a policy derivative of public choice ideas, threatens the jobs of some practitioners. This paper begins with a review of the literature examining the relationship between public expenditure and service. The second section distills from that literature some working assumptions or hypotheses about the spending-service relationship. The managerial or policy implications of these assumptions are explored in the third section, which expands the domain of public management beyond altering producer behavior to include modifying consumer behavior. The fourth and concluding section contrasts this view of public management with the minimalist conception that emphasizes a limited domain of managerial influence owing to the "political setting of public administration."
TL;DR: In this article, the viability of financial incentive strategies to improve productivity in the publi cation industry has been investigated, focusing on the feasibility of financial incentives to improve publili cation.
Abstract: Managers in this decade are facing a number of challenges that hinge on the demand for increased productivity. This study focuses on the viability of financial incentive strategies to improve publi...
TL;DR: This article found that the major reason for the private sector decline is increased management opposition to union organization, motivated in part by profit-seeking behavior, and augmented by trade union responses, and that the main reason for public sector union expansion is decreased market opposition due to the comprehensive collective bargaining laws and motivated by vote-seeking behaviour.
Abstract: This paper contrasts the differing experience of public sector unionism, which has expanded in the United States, and private sector unionism, which has contracted, in the past several decades. It uses the experience of other countries, particularly Canada, to rule out some explanations of the divergent trends. The paper finds that the major reason for the private sector decline is increased management opposition to union organization, motivated in part by profit-seeking behavior, and augmented by trade union responses; and that the major reason for the public sector union expansion is decreased market opposition due to pas- sage of comprehensive collective bargaining laws and motivated in part by vote-seeking behavior.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The authors studied how technological change affects the social organization of the workplace and, in particular, labor-management relations in a variety of workplace contexts, including the public sector and specific services within it.
Abstract: How does technological change affect the social organization of the workplace and, in particular, labor-management relations? This question is now being widely addressed by researchers, who are studying a variety of workplace contexts.1 Most of this research deals with the private sector of the American economy, however the same question may be posed about the public sector generally and specific services within it.
TL;DR: The authors examines some of the questions that have been raised by many scholars, consultants, and managers regarding the relevance of organization development (OD) to public sector organizations: To what extent is OD--as a strategy for planning and implementing change--relevant to public-sector management? What are the salient differences between public and private-sector organizations that can affect the practice and effectiveness of OD? What strategies can be used to accommodate these differences? How can the practice of OD be effectively managed in public- sector organizations? What kinds of modifications in the field of OD are necessary to enhance its
Abstract: This article examines some of the questions that have been raised by many scholars, consultants, and managers regarding the relevance of organization development (OD) to public sector organizations: Some of the questions addressed include: To what extent is OD--as a strategy for planning and implementing change--relevant to public sector management? What are the salient differences between public and private sector organizations that can affect the practice and private sector organizations that can affect the practice and effectiveness of OD? What strategies can be used to accommodate these differences? How can the practice of OD be effectively managed in public sector organizations? What kinds of modifications in the field of OD are necessary to enhance its future relevance to public sector organizations? What are the possible impacts of the Reagan cutback management philosophy for OD in the public sector? After exhaustive analysis, it becomes clear that the public manager who develops a fair understandi
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain the public sector employment and education and explain the existence of internal labor markets in primary segment jobs, which is a central feature of segmentation models and one which is said to be particularly relevant to a description of a public sector.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter explains the public sector employment and education. In segmentation theory, most public sector employment is viewed simply as one component of what is termed primary segment employment and shares the characteristics of that segment along with parts of the bureaucratized private sector. Despite this recent emphasis in the literature differentiating between job characteristics rather than between employment sectors (public/private) some economists continue to be concerned with wage and employment determination in the public sector under non-profit-maximizing conditions and with comparing the outcomes to those in the private sector. A central feature of segmentation models and one which is said to be particularly relevant to a description of the public sector is the existence of internal labor markets in primary segment jobs. The public sector invariably includes jobs requiring a very wide variety of skills and offering wide variations in pay.
TL;DR: In this article, various approaches have been developed as methods to reduce comparable worth differences, such as judicial (increased enforcement, lawsuits, and legislation), interest group activities (colle...
Abstract: Various approaches have been developed as methods to reduce comparable worth differences. These include judicial (increased enforcement, lawsuits, and legislation), interest group activities (colle...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the approaches and practices of Commonwealth and New South Wales at both federal and state levels of Australia and demonstrate the way in which "new audit" differs from traditional audit.
Abstract: Pressures and demands for accountability and efficiency in the public sector in Australia have given rise to changes and reforms in government administration at both federal and state levels. Developments and experimentation with “techniques” such as programme budgeting, new forms of financial management, annual reporting, efficiency and comprehensive audits, have added their impact. A concept of “new audits” has emerged. The approaches and practices of Commonwealth — at the federal level — and New South Wales — at the state level — are compared. The way in which “new audit” differs from traditional audit is illustrated and then assessed within a framework of accountability.
TL;DR: The authors examines the reasons why public sector organizations may not be ready for traditional private sector strategic planning techniques and suggests a typology for diagnosing the CBO's position in relation to planning efforts.
Abstract: This paper examines the reasons why public sector organizations may not be ready for traditional private sector strategic planning techniques and suggests a typology for diagnosing the CBO's position in relation to planning efforts. It identifies the need for interventions appropriate to the organization climate and begins to explore mechanisms which can be used to facilitate the strategic planning process in public service agencies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the limits of public sector production of low-income housing in developing countries and explore ways in which the public sector can facilitate increased efforts of the private sector to provide shelter.
TL;DR: In this article, the efficiency and effectiveness of productivity programs offered by public sector organizations has been discussed, and one possible solution is to implicits to implicate the public sector.
Abstract: There has recently been much public and political discussion about the efficiency and effectiveness of productivity programs offered by public sector organizations. One possible solution is to impl...
01 Oct 1987
TL;DR: Something of the current dilemma of Community Industry is fairly described in John Burgoyne's paper on Planning Management Development Policy (1981) but he makes little reference to the framework of co-ordination needed.
Abstract: Something of the current dilemma of Community Industry (CI) is fairly described in John Burgoyne’s paper on Planning Management Development Policy (1981). The range of fragmented tactics used to train and develop staff results in individual development which is patchy and coincidental rather than planned and progressive. In these cases there is only limited improvement in organisation effectiveness. He says that ’some kind of framework of co-ordination seems to be needed’ but he makes little reference to
TL;DR: There is an ambivalence in attitudes to public administration as a field of study among both academics and practitioners in Australia as discussed by the authors and there needs to be a closer dialogue that can only be based on a generally agreed paradigm for Australian public administration.
Abstract: There is an ambivalence in attitudes to public administration as a field of study among both academics and practitioners in Australia. Teachers, researchers, students, public servants seeking training and managers have differing interests and expectations. Disagreements about the field have contributed to the lack of a unified framework of concepts, while the field has fragmented into public administration, public policy and public management, aside from other divisions such as “old” versus “new” public administration. “Education” and “training” have taken diverging paths and academics and practitioners have drifted apart. There needs to be a closer dialogue that can only be based on a generally agreed paradigm for Australian Public Administration as a field of study.
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1987