Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1989"

The isolation and attenuation of a virus causing rhinotracheitis in turkeys in South Africa.

Abstract: In March 1978, a number of turkeys with severe respiratory symptoms affecting over 80% of the flock were investigated for a possible causative agent. With the standard techniques used for the isolation of bacteriae, mycoplasmae and viruses, only Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Newcastle disease virus were isolated. Tracheal organ cultures were subsequently prepared from 27-day-old turkey embryos and inoculated with sinus exudate from affected turkeys. After an incubation period of 4 days a virus was isolated with which the typical symptoms, as observed in the field, could be reproduced in susceptible turkeys after 3-5 days. Following primary isolation in tracheal organ cultures, the virus grew readily in embryonated eggs and Vero cells. With the electron microscope, virus-like particles, varying in size from 40 nm-500 nm, were observed, having a pleomorphic shape and studded with fine surface projections. The virus seems to fall into the family Paramyxoviridae. A vaccine produced from attenuated virus in embryonated eggs afforded good protection against mortalities due to airsacculitis that normally follows on to turkey rhinotracheitis infection. The serological and clinical effects of the virus on chickens are also reported on.

Newcastle disease in ostriches (Struthio camelus): field case and experimental infection.

Abstract: Summary An outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in ostriches is described. In a flock aged 5 to 9 months of age 13 out of 46 ostriches died, whereas a neighbouring flock of 11‐month‐old birds remained unaffected. The main clinical signs were nervous. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres reached log2 8. The virus was isolated from the brain only. Experimental infection of five, 3‐month‐old ostriches with virulent ND virus caused the death of three birds within 5 to 10 d. Another had to be killed after showing typical signs. HI titres after 5 days exceeded log2 5. The virus could be reisolated from different organs.

Comparison of egg-yolk and serum antibody titers to four avian viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using paired field samples.

Abstract: Eggs and blood were collected from 11 hens in each of nine broiler-breeder flocks in Quebec. Serum and egg-yolk extracts were assayed for antibody titers to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and reovirus (RV) by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Comparison was made between egg-yolk and serum antibody titers by a regression analysis. A high correlation was observed between serum and yolk antibody titers to all the viruses tested (r = 0.9 for IBDV, 0.84 for IBV, 0.84 for NDV, and 0.91 for RV). Antibody monitoring of commercial breeder flocks using egg yolk instead of serum with commercial ELISA plates is thus feasible and is recommended.

Expression and stability of the Mx protein in different tissues of mice, in response to interferon inducers or to influenza virus infection.

Abstract: We have defined some characteristics of the mouse Mx protein as a marker of biological response to interferon (IFN) and to virus infection in A2G mice. The Mx protein has been detected and quantitated by Western immunoblot analysis. Upon induction by poly(I):poly(C) or with Newcastle disease virus, the Mx protein is expressed and accumulated in a variety of organs, such as liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, heart, and brain. In some organs the expression of the Mx protein is detected readily, as soon as 4 h after treatment. The highest protein level is reached at 24 h, and it remains stable for several days declining slowly to return to preinduced levels 2-3 weeks after treatment. Infection with an hepatotropic or a pneumotropic strain of influenza virus resulted in a systemic induction of Mx protein, the highest levels being found in the target organ for virus replication. Our results indicate that the Mx protein is a sensitive, quantitative, and stable marker to follow IFN activity or virus infection in an animal model.

Efficacy of oil-emulsion vaccines prepared with pigeon paramyxovirus-1, Ulster, and La Sota Newcastle disease viruses

Abstract: Three strains of avian paramyxovirus-1 virus (PMV-1) were used to prepare four experimental monovalent oil-emulsion vaccines. A pigeon PMV-1 isolate (PPMV-1) and the Newcastle disease virus strains La Sota and Ulster were used to prepare four pools of beta-propiolactone-inactivated allantoic fluid for the vaccines. Groups of susceptible white rock chickens and racing homing pigeons were vaccinated subcutaneously with one of the vaccines, and their serologic responses were determined using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test at frequent intervals up to 9 weeks postvaccination. Pigeons were challenged after 10 weeks with a virulent PPMV-1 isolate given intravenously, observed for signs of disease for 5 weeks, and then tested for secondary serologic HI responses. The HI responses were measured using the three strains of virus as HI test antigens. The titers were generally greater when the hemagglutination antigen used in the test was homologous with the antigen used to prepare the vaccine. All vaccines protected pigeons against morbidity and death but not against infection with the challenge virus. The shedding of PPMV-1 challenge virus from PPMV-1 vaccinates was greatly reduced 6 days after challenge.

Immunosuppressive potential and pathogenicity of a recent isolate of infectious bursal disease virus in commercial broiler chickens.

Abstract: At 15 days of age and in the presence of measurable levels of maternal antibody against infectious bursal disease virus serotype I (1:170 virus-neutralization geometric mean titer), a recent isolate (U-28) and a prototype virulent isolate (Edgar) of the same virus caused subclinical infections in commercial broiler chickens. Isolate U-28 caused a significant reduction in the size of the bursa of Fabricius, whereas the Edgar isolate produced splenomegaly. Both isolates reduced the serological response to Newcastle disease virus. The experimental immunosuppressive potential and pathogenicity of isolate U-28 in broiler chickens confirms the role of this virus in recent infectious bursal disease outbreaks.

Characterization of French avian paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV 1) isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the Ploufragan strain of Newcastle disease virus

Abstract: Eight monoclonal antibodies against the Ploufragan strain of New-castle disease virus were used to characterize 58 virus strains including 29 French isolates. By combining ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition tests, PMV 1 strains were differentiated from other avian PMV 1 and grouped into 7 classes.

Persistence of the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus in an open-range flock of chickens.

Abstract: The V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was introduced into a small open range flock of bantam chickens, by dosing half the birds directly into the crop. As indicated by rises in titres of haemagglutination inhibition antibody, the virus spread to the uninoculated birds and persisted in the flock for two years, infecting chickens that were introduced by natural brooding and rearing. All new clutches of chicks seroconverted by 80 days of age, and the titres of adult birds showed a concurrent rise, suggesting that the chicks were amplifying the virus. The modes of spread and of persistence of the virus were not determined; although cloacal swabs were taken regularly, only one yielded virus. Antibody titres of the inoculated birds remained above the presumptive protective level of 3 (log2) for over a year, whereas the titres of birds infected by contact were generally less than 3.

Virus-modified tumor vaccines for immunotherapy of tumor metastases

Abstract: The invention discloses a virus-modified tumour-specific vaccine consisting of corresponding separated tumour cells inactivated by irradiation and incubated with NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus) under sterile conditions in serum-free medium. The vaccine may optionally be irradiated again prior to application.

In vivo interference by Newcastle disease virus in chickens, the natural host of the virus

Abstract: Homologous and heterologous viral interference is a common occurrence that has been well studied in vitro. In the present study, homologous viral interference between the LaSota and NYP strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in vivo in chickens, the natural host for NDV. The LaSota strain is avirulent and widely used as a vaccine in poultry industry, while the NYP strain is highly virulent and causes acute disease and death in chickens within four to six days after infection. Chickens generally became resistant to NYP strain challenge 12 hours after intranasal or intratracheal inoculation with LaSota strain virus. The resistance was manifested by reduction in chicken morbidity and mortality, decrease in virus replication in the chicken respiratory tract (p<0.05), and inhibition of NYP strain induced gross and microscopic lesions. Interferon was first detected in the chicken respiratory tract and blood at 3 to 6 hours; it peaked at 12 to 24 hours and was maintained for 48 hours after viral inoculation, indicating that interferon induction might be one possible mechanism of the interference between the two strains. This study suggests a role for viral interference in vaccination against virulent viruses.

Elevated virulence of Newcastle disease virus strains following serial passages in kidney cells in vitro.

Abstract: SUMMARY. Serial passage of two lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains in kidney cell lines increased virulence and changed viral biological properties. In two cell lines (BHK and MDBK), elevation in virulence was demonstrated by plaque formation under an overlay with no additives, decrease in mean death times, elevated intracerebral pathogenicity index, and cytopathic effect in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Some other markers not directly correlated to virulence, such as heat inactivation of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, were not influenced by passage in kidney cells. In addition, all strains were slow eluters. This observation emphasizes the importance of preventing the virus from reaching the viscera.

Vaccines produced by conventional means to control major infectious diseases of man and animals.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle Animals that survived were permanently immune Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days

Naturally attenuated newcastle disease vaccine and method of using the same

Abstract: A Newcastle disease vaccine and method of using the vaccine for protecting a poultry animal from Newcastle disease is provided. The vaccine consists of a naturally attenuated live Newcastle disease virus which has the identifying characteristics of ATCC No. VR 2239. The vaccine is capable of conferring solid immunity against Newcastle disease and causes minimal respiratory or other undesirable reactions in inoculated animals.

Genetic relationships among lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract: Purified RNA from five lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains (B1, England-F, Nebraska, Queensland V4, and Ulster) was subjected to oligonucleotide fingerprinting analysis. This technique could resolve over 100 oligonucleotides per virus strain, of which 50 to 80 were unique. Although the fingerprints generated from these viral RNAs exhibited similar distribution patterns of non-unique RNA fragments, all could be distinguished from one another on the basis of the migration of unique RNA fragments. It is concluded that oligonucleotide mapping is a useful method of unambiguously identifying individual lentogenic strains of NDV and that this technique may serve as a means of characterizing highly pathogenic NDV isolates.

Vitamin A deficiency and Newcastle disease virus infection in chickens : a model for the study of measles infection in vitamin A-deficient children

Abstract: Marginally vitamin A-deficient day-old chickens capable of maintaining a healthy condition for at least 6 wk were produced using a two-generation model. In this model, hens fed diets with a limited vitamin A content were used to obtain day-old chickens which were marginally deficient in vitamin A. Only hens with a narrow range of plasma retinol values (0.60-0.85 /i/mol/1) were satisfactory for this purpose. Above this range, the day-old chickens were not marginally vitamin A-deficient. Below this range, egg production and hatchability were affected to some extent depending on the degree of vitamin A deficiency. Even when egg production and hatchability remained at a high level in such birds, the day-old chickens produced were not sufficiently strong to survive the first weeks of life. The advantages of the two-generation model for producing marginally vitamin A-deficient chickens are the increased uniformity and predictability of the chickens with respect to body weight, general health and vitamin A status. However, it does take about 3 months to produce such chickens.

Immunosuppression by Avian Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Mouse Hepatitis Virus

Abstract: This chapter briefly discusses two viruses that infect diverse species of animals but that share an important similarity in that both viruses are lymphotropic and cause profound immunosuppression in their respective hosts Infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens, also referred to as Gumboro disease, is an eco nomically important disease of commercial chickens In unprotected chickens, the IBD virus (IBDV) rapidly destroys the lymphocyte population in the bursa of Fabricius, the principal organ that regulates humoral immunity in the chicken Continued economic loss due to IBD in the field and recent general interest in viral immunosuppression have stimulated renewed efforts in understanding the characteristics of the immunosuppressive effects of this disease The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), also a common infection in laboratory mouse colonies, causes a debilitating disease accompanied by severe immunosuppression The influence of MHV on immune functions of the host seems to be related to a close interaction between virus particles and host lymphoid cells

Vaccination Of Village Chickens Against Newcastle Disease

Abstract: The village poultry is an important component of the poultry industry in South East Asia . However , Newcastle disease is always a thre at to them . While the disease is usually adequately control led by repeated applications of suitable vaccines in commercial poultry , it has not been success fully controlled in village chickens. A new method of vaccine production and administration for the village chickens needs to be developed . The objective of this study was to select an avirulent Newcastle disease virus which is immunogenic , heat resistant and transmissible among chickens and to incorporate the virus in feed that can be offered to chickens . The vaccine was prepared by coating an immunogenic and heat tolerant sub strain of V 4 virus onto food pellets . A nominal chicken do s e o f vaccine was 10 g of pellets containing 10650 % egg infectious doses of vaccine virus. The vaccine was prepared by coating an immunogenic and heat tolerant substrain of V 4 virus onto food pellets . A nominal chicken dose of vaccine was 10 g of pellets containing 10650 % egg infectious doses of vaccine virus.

Live newcastle disease virus vacccines

Abstract: The invention relates to a live virus vaccine against Newcastle Disease containing at least 10 log 5.5 EID 50 per dose of the strain NDW, deposited at the CNCM of Institut Pasteur in Paris under accession no. I-781.

A live vaccine against newcastle disease

Abstract: The invention relates to a live vaccine against Newcastle disease comprising a virus strain NDV-6/10. The vaccine administered in the form of a spray or aerosol or in the drinking water to chickens at an age of several days-weeks is harmless and ensures a prolonged immunity.

Plaque Assay Of Newcastle Disease Virus

Abstract: The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from a 3 months-old indigenous chicken (buras or kampung chicken) which showed clinical signs of Newcastle disease (ND). For viral isolation a small part of the spleen and lung were inoculated into 10 days-old embryonated chicken eggs. The physical characteristics of the isolate (A/120) were studied. The hemagglutination of chicken red blood cell showed slow elution, thermostability of hemagglutinin at 56°C was 120 minutes. The vims was able to agglutinate horse erythrocytes but not those of sheep. The biological characteristics on mean death time (MDT) of embryonated chicken egg and plaque morphology on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) primary cell cultures were studied. The MDT was 56 hours, the isolate was velogenic NDV. There were three different plaque morphologies on CEF : 2 mm clear plaques, 1 mm clear plaques, and minute clear plaques which were visible only with microscopic examination.

Role of Aflatoxins as Immunomodulators

Abstract: Mycotoxins in general and aflatoxins in particular are being studied as health hazard for man and animals including poultry. Aflatoxins have been found to cause biliary hyperplasia, hepatic necrosis, icterus, haemorrhage, hepatocellular neoplasia and prolongation of coagulation time. Besides these conditions, aflatoxins have been found to act as immunosuppressors. This immunosuppressive action appears to be antigen specific.Several mechanisms have been postulated. These include inhibition of RNA polymerase, increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes, inhibition of reticulo-endothelial system and inhibition of specific immunological systems.Aflatoxins have been found to modulate the immune response to Rinderpest virus in cattle. Cattle affected with aflatoxicosis present a depressed humoral immune response to tissue culture adapted rinderpest virus vaccine. Similarly immune response to Newcastle disease virus in chicks was found to be suppressed by aflatoxins.The possible mechanisms for specific...

Interferon responses of various populations of lymphocytes of inbred mice with various degrees of sensitivity to the western equine encephalitis virus

Abstract: The sensitivity of mice of three lines: CBA, BALB/C, and C57BL/6 (males aged greater than or equal to 4-5 and one week) to peripheral inoculation with Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus was studied. The C57BL/6 line was found to be the most and CBA the least sensitive. The first generation hybrids between these lines are intermediate in their sensitivity to WEE virus. A correlation was established between the increased sensitivity to WEE virus of C57BL/6 mice and the defect of the interferon system in these mice manifested by the extremely low capacity of their thymocytes for production of beta and alpha-interferons, as well as by a significant decrease of interferon responses of splenocytes to Newcastle disease virus, L-1 (alpha-interferon), lafarin, beta-interferon, concanaxalin-A (alpha-interferon) after immunization with antigens of different origin.

Aquatic Birds: An Evolutionary Repository of Ortho- and Paramyxoviruses?

Abstract: Much of the information on the ecology of avian orthomyxoviruses (influenza viruses) and paramyxoviruses (e.g. Newcastle disease virus) is recent. The recognition that the pandemic influenza virus that emerged through Hong Kong in 1968 (Chang, 1969) was antigenically related to a virus that had been isolated some years previously from a domestic duck (Laver and Webster, 1973) led to virus surveillance studies of avian and other species that commenced around 1974. These were initially fostered by the World Health Organization to see if there is a finite number of influenza viruses in nature, to gain insight into the ecology of these viruses and to see if it is possible to isolate a pandemic virus in advance of its appearance in man.

Interferon production by a primary culture of human endothelial cells

Abstract: Endothelial cells of human umbilical vein are capable of producing interferon upon induction with Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, and poly I: poly C, but not staphylococcal enterotoxin A. All the interferons produced belonged to the alpha-type. After treatment with influenza virus the endothelial cells produce two subtypes of alpha-interferon: acid-labile and acid-stable.