Showing papers on "Nomothetic and idiographic published in 1993"
TL;DR: Case surveys bridge the gap between nomothetic surveys and idiographic case studies to combine their respective benefits of generalizable, crosssectional analysis and in-depth, processual analysis.
Abstract: Case surveys bridge the gap between nomothetic surveys and idiographic case studies to combine their respective benefits of generalizable, crosssectional analysis and in-depth, processual analysis....
473 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that idiographic approaches to personality afford levels of prediction that cannot be provided by nomothetic analyses, and 2 studies of the role of self-investment in interpersonal perception are presented in support of this position.
Abstract: Arguments are made for the practical and theoretical merits of idiographic approaches to personality. In addition, it is argued that idiographic approaches to personality afford levels of prediction that cannot be provided by nomothetic analyses, and 2 studies of the role of self-investment in interpersonal perception are presented in support of this position. Finally, in contrast to previous arguments for idiographic approaches, it is suggested that idiographic approaches to personality can provide special insight into universal patterns of human personality.
74 citations
TL;DR: The WISC-R profiles of 456 Grade 3 students with full scale IQs of 120 and above were analyzed as discussed by the authors, and large subtest scatter, verbal-performance discrepancy, and idiographic variability appear to be norma...
Abstract: The WISC-R profiles of 456 Grade 3 students with full scale IQs of 120 and above were analyzed. Large subtest scatter, verbal-performance discrepancy, and idiographic variability appear to be norma...
51 citations
TL;DR: When comparing the different attempts to measure quality of life, two main approaches have been considered, namely a multi-dimensional view of medical disorders and a global view of outcome of treatment.
Abstract: The political or ecological concept of quality of life refers to irreplaceable aspects of life. The health-related quality of life concept has the same impact of considering the irreplaceable (idiographic) aspects of treatment outcome in patients with chronic disorders. When comparing the different attempts to measure quality of life, two main approaches have been considered, namely a multi-dimensional view of medical disorders and a global view of outcome of treatment. Both approaches have been discussed at the same level of measurement, i.e. how the patient considers the various components. A dialectic procedure has been followed: quality of life data versus 'raw' health data; idiographic versus nomothetic scales; index versus profile statistics; generic versus disease-specific measurements.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of sources of individual differences in interviewer effectiveness is proposed, which is used as a framework for evaluating existing research and suggests that research has failed to examine adequately the possible sources of individuals differences and their links to effectiveness.
Abstract: In response to recent suggestions that employment interview researchers adopt an idiographic approach focusing on differences in effectiveness across interviewers, this article proposes a model of sources of individual differences in interviewer effectiveness. The model is used as a framework for evaluating existing research. This review of the literature reveals individual differences across interviewers in a number of areas, but indicates that research has failed to examine adequately the possible sources of individual differences and their links to effectiveness. Suggestions for future research are offered.
39 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) to operationalize satisfactory achievement, one distinguishing feature of the Least Restrictive Environment, and used CBM to identify students receiving special education as potential candidates for reintegration into general education.
Abstract: This paper examines the use of Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) to operationalize satisfactory achievement, one distinguishing feature of the Least Restrictive Environment. This feature then is used to identify students receiving special education as potential candidates for reintegration into general education. In two studies, local norms representing the reading skills of general education low reading group students on passages derived from their curriculum were used to represent satisfactory performance. Students in special education who read as well as or better than their low reading group peers on CBM tasks were identified as potential candidates for reintegration. Results, analyzed by idiographic and nomothetic approaches, showed that a substantial portion (approximately 40%) of the special education students could be candidates for reintegration using this approach. Implications for reintegration efforts are discussed.
21 citations
TL;DR: Rorschach approaches integrating nomothetic and idiographic data are applied to borderline personality functioning and appraised in light of the Rorschchach's contribution to the clarification of the controversial and poorly delineated borderline diagnosis.
Abstract: The borderline conditions have been the focus of considerable debate and controversy for over 30 years. This article, second in a series of three articles focusing on Kernberg's (1975, 1984) psychostructural diagnosis of personality organization, examines Rorschach contributions to the description and diagnosis of borderline personality organization. Rorschach approaches integrating nomothetic and idiographic data are applied to borderline personality functioning and appraised in light of the Rorschach's contribution to the clarification of the controversial and poorly delineated borderline diagnosis.
21 citations
TL;DR: The Self-Esteem Worksheet as discussed by the authors provides an idiographic way of assessing self-esteem that retains a quantitative basis, which has been shown to have concurrent and predictive validity.
16 citations
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The knowledge generated by ethnography was considered to be idiographic, which implied that there was a problem of confidence in the generalizability of findings as discussed by the authors, and as a result managers saw it as an esoteric and uneconomical way of studying the organizational problems they were faced with.
Abstract: Qualitative research, and in particular ethnography, has traditionally been considered as representing anthropology par excellence. The perception that the ethnographer has to ‘go native’, immersing him or herself in the local culture, dominated lay understanding, and as a result managers saw it as an esoteric and uneconomical way of studying the organizational problems they were faced with. The knowledge generated by ethnography was considered to be idiographic, which implied that there was a problem of confidence in the generalizability of findings. The emergence of specific case studies in health policy and management which draw on ethnographic principles has demonstrated the value of this approach in understanding subjectivity, experiences and processes, all important aspects of human relations in organizations.
5 citations
TL;DR: The diverse roles of medical health professionals working in a child psychiatry clinic were examined using sociogrid analysis allowing for idiographic and nomothetic analyses, the latter enabling assessment of larger numbers of individuals.
Abstract: The diverse roles of medical health professionals working in a child psychiatry clinic were examined using sociogrid analysis allowing for idiographic and nomothetic analyses, the latter enabling assessment of larger numbers of individuals. Role repertory grid analysis was further used to explore the cognitive structure of the doctor and the nurse. As a result, insight was offered regarding the configuration of the clinic organisation, with detailed evaluation of occupational boundaries and interaction between roles. Central figures in the social network were those of the physician and the parents of the patient. The social worker and the psychologist appeared isolated from the rest of the treatment group and seemed to work independently with the parents, in contrast to the physician who did not relate to either the parent or the patient. Administrators occupied a unique pivotal position between these two core occupational clusters (parents, social worker, patient and psychologist; physician, nursing and care, occupational therapist and physiotherapist).
5 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is urged that atheoretical, nomothetic and theory-saturated, developmentally based, idiographic approaches be integrated to animate, enrich, and organize the mature psychodiagnostician's yield.
Abstract: Lest the Rorschach partisan engage in splitting and deem one approach to clinical data as all good and the other as all bad, it is urged that atheoretical, nomothetic and theory-saturated, developmentally based, idiographic approaches be integrated to animate, enrich, and organize the mature psychodiagnostician's yield. This approach is illustrated by exploring the borderline personality organization of a 46-year-old police officer fearing fragmentation and loss of control.
TL;DR: Gedo as discussed by the authors pointed out that major creative accomplishments are very rare; the larger a particular creative domain in terms of numbers, the smaller the proportion of truly successful practitioners is likely to be.
Abstract: Toward the end of his complex presentation, Eysenck recalls Cronbach's (1957) statement that "'the two disciplines of scientific psychology'-namely, ... the experimental and the correlational" (one focused on the field of generalized behavior, the other on individual differences)-can succeed only by cooperating with each other. Having devoted most of my professional life to idiographic observations of a few individuals, I am hardly qualified to assess the heterogeneous experimental data collected by Eysenck to justify his hypotheses; at the same time, my exposure to a psychoanalytic (and psychiatric) clientele weighted to the side of creative persons should permit me to measure Eysenck's generalizations against the particulars I have encountered in my consulting room. I am happy to state, at the outset, that the successful creators described by Eysenck match in almost every way the ones I have had the opportunity to observe. Because my patients were, ipso facto, disturbed people, I have also had a chance to study how it is possible for such psychopathology to develop in tandem with the strengths and psychological assets that Eysenck (as well as others on whose work he relies) attributes to them. It is striking that, although Eysenck calls for "historiometric" study of the emergence of the various attributes "in the development of genius," he nowhere refers to the relevant psychoanalytic literature of the past generation-reports such as those of Greenacre (1971), Rothenberg (1990), or my own (J. Gedo, 1983, in press; see also J. Gedo & M. Gedo, 1992). In fact, the sole reference to the work of psychoanalysts is to Kris's (1952) book. At any rate, Eysenck rightly stresses that creativity (in contrast to the underlying potential he calls originality) is a function of personality traits. He points out that major creative accomplishments are very rare; the larger a particular creative domain in terms of numbers, the smaller the proportion of truly successful practitioners is likely to be. His contentions are fully supported by the therapeutic experience of psychoanalysts: Effective treatment should alter the personality of talented individuals in the direction of enabling them to do more successful creative work (see J. Gedo, 1983, chap. 3). In other words, childhood experience has a decisive role to play in determining whether originality and talent will actually be used for creative ends. Although Eysenck supports the hypothesis that creativity might be a personality characteristic rather than a cognitive one, he does not discuss such relevant factors in personality development as identifications with idealized parents or mentors, the capacity to invest passionately in a specific field of activity as a result of transcending egocentricity, acquisition by means of appropriate nurturing of the ability to delay gratification and to develop courage, and so forth. Eysenck is well aware that, beyond cognitive factors, creative people
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore resistance and contextual variables which impinge on the successful implementation, adoption and management of critical incidents, including time constraints and uncertainty, within the critical incident framework.
Abstract: This paper explores resistance and contextual variables which impinge on the successful implementation, adoption and management of critical incidents. Time constraints and uncertainty are two constant and overriding forces within the critical incident framework. These implicit pressures interact within different levels of the culture of the organisation, school or community. Two distinct yet interactive levels are discussed. They are the idiographic or personal domain, and the nomothetic or social system domain. The idiographic dimension includes personality variables as well as the role of the key stakeholders in critical incident management. The nomothetic dimension involves the organisation's social system, which has process variables and linkage mechanisms which need to be understood so that successful critical incident management can be ensured. Resistance, or refusal to comply, has been a common pervading and often intangible force in schools in relation to the management of critical incidents. My perception of this opposition to the design and implementation of critical incident management plans has been the driving force for me to think about reasons why this is so, to collect research and to write this paper. On a continuum, resistance and its opposite, acceptance, represent the endpoints of a critical incident management perspective. Opposition or resistance to a new idea, in this case, critical incident management, can be counteracted by guidance, knowledge and involvement. These are the principles of two well known models of problem solving: the Discount Hierarchy used in the NSW Child Protection Program (1988) and the Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM, Loucks etal., 1975).