Showing papers on "Occupancy published in 1991"

The Lodging Index: An Economic Indicator For The Hotel/Motel Industry

Abstract: Average occupancy and room-rate statistics have limitations when used to monitor the hotel/motel industry. The authors explain an alternative measure called the lodging index, which reflects average revenue per room-night. The lodging index can be particularly useful for local travel destinations where average occupancy and room rates are not available.

Land Uses and Travel at Suburban Activity Centers

Abstract: Several recent studies have focused on how land-use characteristics of suburban activity centers affect travel demand. Research indicates that low densities, single uses, small scales, and plentiful parking tend to induce drive-alone automobile usage in the suburbs for employment, residential, commercial, and institutional land uses alike. Much of this past work, however, has been fairly aggregate in scope, relying on comparisons of travel behavior between different activity centers among different cities. Usually, transportation demand, such as average vehicle occupancy levels or trip-generation rates, is gauged in terms of "averages." Few, if any, analyses have been done at a property site level (i.e., relating travel demand of workers within a building to that site's density, degree of land-use mixture, tenancy characteristics, and so on). This article aims to build upon past research by studying the relationship between land use and various indicators of travel demand for a number of office buildings at six different suburban activity centers across the United States. The data source used in this analysis was the report on "Travel Characteristics at Large-Scale Suburban Activity Centers," recently made available through the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The NCHRP report is a rich source of information on a range of site and travel-demand characteristics of individual buildings -- housing such functions as offices, retail, hotels, and residences -- within six of the largest suburban activity centers in the country. The analysis that follows examines the influence of project size, density, land-use mixing, and parking facilities on three measures of transportation demand: trip generation rates, work-trip mode splits, and automobile occupancy levels. The analyses are summarized by presenting a table of land-use elasticities -- indices of how sensitive various measures of travel demand are to various indicators of site land-use characteristics. The article concludes with discussions on how land use and transportation can be more closely integrated in U.S. suburbs. The term "land use" is used rather loosely in this article, and is meant to convey more than how land is simply put to use. Here, land use refers to the overall built environment -- size and density of suburban work sites, degree to which uses are segregated or commingled, tenant mixes, and site design features, such as the amount and availability of parking. In that all of these attributes of the built environment influence travel behavior, this broader definition of land use is more compelling. Indeed, it is how land is used and organized that shapes how and along what corridors we travel.

Occupancy Change and the Farmed Landscape: An Analysis of Farm-Level Trends, 1970–85

Abstract: Although there is considerable debate among academic commentators and policymakers about the alleged significance of changes in farm occupancy to the management of the farmed landscape, there is as yet little empirical research detailing the relationships. With use of a longitudinal analysis of over 250 farm businesses, the relationships at the farm level, particularly those occupancy changes which may promote landscape alteration, are examined.

The Farmed Landscape and the Occupancy Change Process

Abstract: In this paper the relationships between change in farm occupancy and changes in the farmed landscape are examined by reporting on evidence collected from an in-depth resurvey of farm businesses in three study areas in lowland England (West Dorset, East Bedfordshire, and parts of the London Greenbelt). The significance of ‘occupancy events’ in affecting land management and landscape change is indicated. Changes in land area, tenure, business structure, and decisionmaking personnel are assessed as being significant occupancy events which can promote management and landscape alteration. This suggests the need for more sharply focused conservation policy and advice which is tailored to the specific needs of the farm business.

Influence of Scale on the Management of Wildlife

Abstract: Distributions, abundances, and patterns of resource use of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and small mammals varied spatially and temporally in California oak woodlands. Spatial variations occurred within stands, between stands of a similar type (e.g., canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), blue oak (Q. douglasii), or valley oak (Q. lobata)), between stand types, and between geographic areas. Temporal variations occurred be- tween seasons and years. Management of wildlife in oak woodlands should be based on research that details seasonal and temporal variations in habitat and resource use. Species that exhibit pronounced geographic variations in habitat use will require different management strategies, depending on location. Providing favorable conditions for breeding will not ensure that requirements for species occurring during nonbreeding periods will be met as well. California oak woodlands extend from the northern to the southern boundaries of the state and encompass over 2.5 million hectares. Within this area exists a number of vegetation types distinguished by differences in the composition and structure of the woody vegetation (Allen 1990). This vegetative diversity provides a wide spectrum of conditions suitable for occupancy by many species of wildlife (Block and Morrison 1990, Block and others 1990). Actual occupancy of suitable habitat is further influenced by historic distributional patterns and modified by various biotic (e.g., food abundance and availability, density of the species, competition, predation) and abiotic (e.g., weather, fire, anthropogenic) processes. Occupancy and specific resource-use patterns of wildlife are not static through time and space (Block 1989, Block and others 1988). With birds, for example, some species occur in a location throughout the year, whereas other species may be present only during breeding, winter, or migration. Resource- use patterns of many amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals shift within and between seasons (Block and Morrison 1990, Block and others 1988). These shifts may be responses to changing needs during different phases of species' life histories or responses to shifts in the quantity and quality of the resource base.

Preliminary results of the environmental evaluation of the Federal Records Center in Overland Missouri

Abstract: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is studying the thermal and environmental performance of new federal office buildings for the Public Buildings Service of the General Services Administration (GSA). The project involves long-term performance monitoring both before occupancy and during early occupancy in three new office buildings. The performance evaluation includes an assessment of the thermal integrity of the building envelope, long-term monitoring of ventilation system performance, and the measurement of indoor levels of selected pollutants. The report describes the effort being conducted in the second of the three buildings, the Federal Records Center in Overland Missouri, and presents preliminary measurement results from the building. The infrared thermographic inspection of the Overland Building did not reveal any significant thermal defects in the building envelope, though the existence of air leakage and thermal bridging was noted. The whole building pressurization test showed that the building is quite leaky compared to other modern office buildings. The measured radon concentrations were 2 pCi/L or less on the B2 level, and less than or equal to 0.5 pCi/L on the other levels. Formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 ppm, below the 0.1 ppm guideline but above some levels of concern. Themore » measured levels of volatile organic compounds were similar to those observed in other new office buildings, and the impact of building furnishings and construction activities on the VOC levels were noted. The carbon dioxide levels in the building have generally been low, as would be expected in a building with low levels of occupancy.« less

Statistical models to predict commercial- and parking-space occupancy

Abstract: This paper examines the use of simple analytical models to estimate quantitatively the demand for site‐specific commercial and parking space. The influence of locational and other site characteristics on demand is captured and quantified through regression equations for occupancy, based on data from the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, central business district. In addition to site and locational considerations, the use and condition of the building and type of tenant are included in the models. The predicted occupancy is then used to analyze demand. The models are discussed in terms of price impacts, economic influences, and the effects of competing markets. These models are applied to the development of the site of the existing Greyhound bus terminal in Pittsburgh. Development options are identified and costs estimated, which are then compared with revenues based on market rates and predicted occupancy. A net present value analysis is used. Limitations and other applications of the models are also discussed.

Dual Occupancy Households and their Neighbours in Melbourne

Abstract: Dual occupancy provisions were introduced into the Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme as one of the means of implementing the metropolitan planning policy of urban consolidation, while at the same time providing greater choice in housing type and assisting in housing af fordability. This paper documents the characteristics of dual occupancy households and assesses the impact of dual occupancy development on neighbouring dwellings. It also discusses the research necessary for establishing the extent (if any) to which dual occupancy development is impacting on urban consolidation and housing affordability.

Exclusive control system for resources

Abstract: PURPOSE:To automatically attain the occupancy execution and the occupancy release with a simple designating operation by providing an occupancy executing means which occupies the resources while referencing to the storage contents of an occupancy order storage means and an occupancy releasing means which releases the occupancy of the resources based on a releasing requirement for the occupancy of the resources. CONSTITUTION:This system is constituted of the occupancy order storage means 1 to previously store the occupancy order of the resources, an occupancy executing means 2 which executes the occupancy of the resources based on a requirement given from a program for occupancy of the resources while referencing to the storage contents of the means 1 and an occupation cancel means 3 which releases the occu pancy of the resources based on a requirement given from a program for the occupancy of the resources while referencing to the storage contents of the means 1. Then the means 2 executes the occupancy of the resources while referencing to the storage contents of the means 1. Meanwhile the means 3 releases the occupancy of the resources based on a requirement for the release of occupancy of the resources and while referencing to the storage contents of the means 1. In such a constitution, the occupancy and the release of occupancy of the resources are automatically carried out in a simple operation and based on a sequence stored previously.

System and installation to control the factor of occupancy in facilities which levy a fee for their use according to the laws of supply and demand

Abstract: In installations with places subject to charges, such as multi-storey car parks, the instantaneous occupancy rate (N-n) is determined and the fee (G) for occupying the devices is automatically adapted to the instantaneous occupancy rate (N-n) and to client demand, in accordance with a function (F) which can be input. These installations automatically adapt the fee to a predetermined occupancy rate. The instantaneous occupancy rate or demand can be varied with time in accordance with a predetermined function of the empirically determined occupancy rate or demand for management adapted to a model.