Showing papers on "Plasma cell published in 1971"

Restriction of Surface Immunoglobulin Determinants to Lymphocytes of the Plasma Cell Line

Abstract: With widespread acceptance of selective theories for antibody formation, intense interest has focused on the identification and characterization of antigen recognition sites on immunocompetent cells Immunoglobulin determinants have been demonstrated on the surface of lymphoid cells by a variety of techniques (1–5); these determinants have been related to the antigen-binding properties of the cells (5–7) Since the relative proportion of lymphocytes bearing detectable surface Ig determinants is lowest in the thymus, it has been suggested that these cells belong exclusively to the thymus-independent population of lymphocytes (8, 9) This hypothesis can be readily tested in the chicken because of the feasibility of eliminating selectively either the thymus-dependent or the plasma cell lines of differentiation (10) In this report evidence is presented that heavy chain determinants of immunoglobulins which are detectable on a large percentage of lymphocytes in normal chickens are absent from the lymphocytes of birds in which the plasma cell line has been selectively eliminated

Amplifying and Suppressive Effect of Thymus Cells

Abstract: THE humoral immune response against a variety of antigens in mice requires the interaction of an antibody forming precursor cell derived from bone marrow (AFPC) and a thymus-derived helper cell1–3. In the chicken, plasma cell formation and immunoglobulin synthesis are ontogenetically controlled by the bursa of Fabricius4, suggesting that in this species the bursa provides the AFPC, but it is not clear what role the thymus plays in the humoral antibody production. Neonatal thymectomy of chickens does affect antibody formation, at least towards some antigens5,6; and by analogy with mice7,8 thymus dependency varies strongly with the antigen dose and also with respect to the class of antibody affected (W. D., and Malchow, D., unpublished work). Attempts to demonstrate a synergistic effect between thymus and bursa cells in the chicken, however, have not been successful7,10. I wish to describe experiments indicating that thymus cells can cooperate with a bursa-dependent component in the production of agglutinating antibodies and also that in a different experimental situation thymus cells show a suppressive effect on antibody formation.

Specific immune response in human skin carcinoma.

Abstract: Eight out of nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma of skin have shown immunological reactivity against their own tumour cells by one or more tests with their sera or peripheral blood lymphocytes. The tests included membrane and cytoplasmic immunofluorescence, and, with cultured tumour, complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity and lymphocyte attack. One case examined in depth had an unusually conspicuous lymphocyte and plasma cell reaction on histological examination, and was positive by all four tests; a time-lapse cinephoto-micrographic record over seven days was obtained of the attack on the carcinoma cells in culture by the patient9s lymphocytes.

The metabolism of different immunoglobulin classes in irradiated mice. V. Contribution of the gut to serum IgA levels in normal and irradiated mice.

Abstract: It was demonstrated in earlier publications that the acute and selective fall in serum IgA levels in irradiated mice was due to a specific failure to renew the plasma pool of this immunoglobulin. In the present work, it is shown that irradiation causes some reduction in the rate of biosynthesis of IgA, but that this phenomenon only partly accounts for the observed disturbance in the metabolism of IgA. This conclusion is based both on direct measurements on the rate of biosynthesis in vitro of IgA by the isolated small bowel wall of irradiated and normal C3H mice, and on immunohistological studies and plasma cell counts on the gut, spleen and lymph nodes of these animals. On the other hand, it is shown that irradiated mice continue to excrete approximately normal amounts of IgA into their intestinal contents. The conclusion is that irradiation of the gut causes a rechannelling in the output of IgA synthesized by the plasma cells of the lamina propria, the major part being diverted to the intestinal lumen instead of being fed into the circulating pool of serum IgA.

Repetitive maturation cycles in a cultured mouse myeloma

Abstract: . In general, these cell lines grow as stationary suspension cultures with few cells attaching to the growing surface . Exponential growth in these cultures continues indefinitely as long as cell density is kept below 1-2 X 10 6per milliliter . Cultures with more than 2 X 10 6cells per milliliter have been reported to undergo rapid deterioration . Considerable morphologicvariation, especiallyin nuclearcytoplasmic ratios, among the various cell lines has been observed . However, within a given cell line little morphologic variation in regard to the stage of plasma cell maturation has been described . We report here the establishment of a mouse myeloma cell line which undergoes typical plasma cell morphological differentiation . Shortly after the fully mature stage is reached, greater than 99% of the cells die ; the few viable cells remaining initiate a new cycle of replication and maturation . At the time of this writing, these cells have continued to cycle in this fashion for over I yr. The underlying nature of the observed cycling does not appear to be related to cell density or to depletion of medium components .

Homing of Cells from the Bursa of Fabricius to Germinal Centers in the Chicken Spleen

Abstract: The ability of the chicken to produce humoral immune responses is dependent upon the presence, during ontogeny, of the bursa of Fabricius (1,2), Presence of the other central lymphoid organ, the thymus, is necessary for development of delayed hypersensitivity and of the ability to reject homografts (1,2). It also has been noted that adult chickens, hormonally or surgically bursectomized in ovo, may be completely agammaglobulinemic (3,4) and lack both plasma cells and germinal centers in their lymphoid tissues (5). In addition, inoculation of chickens with avian lymphoid leukosis virus causes initial lesions in bursa follicles, followed by the appearance of enlarged,abnormal germinal centers in the spleen (6). This evidence suggests that the bursa produces precursor cells for the germinal center and plasma cell series of differentiation, as is also supported by the fact that bursa cells are able to produce immunoglobulins earlier than spleen cells during embryogenes is (7).

Virusähnliche Strukturen in einem Lymphknoten bei Lupus erythematosus visceralis

Abstract: The electron microscopic investigations of a lymph node in systemic lupus erythematosus revealed cytoplasmic inclusions of interwoven, net-like, electron dense appearance. They were found predominantly in lymphocytes, activated lymphocytes, immunoblasts, plasma cell precursors and plasma cells. Rarely they occurred in reticulum cells.

Synthesis of immunoglobulins by rat thymus after thymic irradiation.

Abstract: THE thymus distinctively lacks plasma cells and pyroninophilic precursors, even after massive parenteral injection of protein1–3. Direct injection of antigens into the thymus in guinea-pigs, however, can induce the formation of germinal centres, plasma cells and the production of antibodies4. An increase in the plasma cell population has been observed in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow of chimpanzees5, rats6–9 and germ-free mice10 after whole body irradiation.

Studies on antibody-producing cells iii. identification of young plaque-forming cells by thymidine-3h labeling

Abstract: Mice injected with sheep RBC and then, 4 days later with thymidine-3H, were sacrificed on the day of thymidine-3H injection or 1 or 2 days later. Hemolytic antibody plaque preparations were made of cells from the draining lymph nodes by a thin-plating procedure permitting collection of isolated PFC for electron microscopic examination and radioautography. Of cells obtained on the day of thymidine-3H injections, 65% of the labeled PFC were in the lymphocytic category, in comparison with 13% found previously in the entire population of such cells. The remaining 35% were plasmablasts in early stages of differentiation. Cells obtained 1 day after the thymidine-3H injections showed a shift to a majority of labeled cells in the plasmacytic category. Also, the plasmablasts were substantially more differentiated than those of the previous day, and some mature plasma cells were now seen. The labeled PFC obtained on day 2 gave no indication of further differentiation. Cells of rabbit lymph nodes labeled in vitro with thymidine-3H showed a range of labeled PFC. The majority were in the plasmacytic category, including some mature plasma cells. The data from the experiments with in vivo labeling suggest a direct differentiation from antibody-synthesizing lymphocytes to plasma cells. Further, the in vivo experiments indicated that differentiation from nascent lymphocyte to plasma cell could be essentially completed within 1 day.

Auto-Immunity and the Origin of Plasma Cell Tumors

Abstract: Two general observations form the basis for considering the possible autoimmune etiology for plasma cell tumors in man and mouse. 1) Antibody specificity of myeloma proteins . Although the true percentage of such proteins with autoantibody activity is not clear, it is certainly apparent that a significant proportion of myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulins show autoantibody specificity. This particularly includes several types of antiglobulin specificity such as a true anti-antibody activity (Warner, McKenzie and Fudenberg), and several anti-DNP myelomas with cross-reaction to γ globulin (a mouse IgG2a globulin and a human Waldenstrom macroglobulin). 2) Genetic susceptibility to plasma cell tumor induction . Mice of different inbred strains and hybrids were treated with three injections of mineral oil early in life. A high incidence of plasma cell tumors subsequently developed in BALB/c, NZB and (BALB/c × NZB) F1 hybrid mice.

A New Theoretical Model of Plasma Cell Differentiation

Abstract: Over the last several years, investigations in our laboratories have centered around the problem of differentiation and development of the plasma cell line. The chicken has been the primary animal model used because this cell line can be easily manipulated by bursectomy in this species (1). Stem cells, originally located in the yolk sac, begin migration into the bursa of Fabricius around the 13th day of incubation and assume lymphoid features in that environment (2). Removal of the bursa on or before the 17th day of incubation can prevent seeding of its lymphoid cells to extra-bursal sites. As a consequence, subsequent germinal center and plasma cell development is prevented and agammaglobulinemia ensues (3). Chemical bursectomy, produced by testosterone administration early in embryonic life, can similarly abort development of the plasma cell line (4). Consistent with this and other evidence indicating that the bursa is the site of induction for the immunoglobulin-producing line of cells (5–7), immunoglobulin synthesis occurs in the bursa several days prior to its appearance in other lymphoid organs (8).

The Immobilization of Lymphoid Cells in the Developing Palatine Tonsil of the Rabbit

Abstract: During the embryonic development of the rabbit, the palatine tonsils are the first lympho-epithelial organs in which lymphoid cells appear.

Behavior patterns of lymphoid cells

Abstract: This chapter reviews some of the functions of lymphocytes. The great migratory power of these cells is described. It is shown that thymus-derived cells obey a particular migration pattern, tending to home to the diffuse cortical tissue of lymph nodes and the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath region of the splenic white pulp. Bone marrow-derived (bursal analog) lymphocytes are associated with germinal centers and plasma cell cords. Turning to the different categories of lymphoid cells, it is becoming recognized that quite a variety of functions can be measured quantitatively. Most easily dealt with is the antibody-forming cell, owing to the hemolytic plaque technique. A clearly separable function is that of antigen reactivity or the capacity of a cell to react specifically to antigen by proliferation, the events finally leading to antibody production. In some systems, it is becoming clear that a full immune response depends on a collaboration between antigen-reactive cells and a second category that has been termed antibody-forming cell precursor.