Showing papers on "Representation theory published in 2017"

Canonical bases for cluster algebras

Abstract: In [GHK11], Conjecture 0.6, the first three authors conjectured that the ring of regular functions on a natural class of affine log Calabi-Yau varieties (those with maximal boundary) has a canonical vector space basis parameterized by the integral tropical points of the mirror. Further, the structure constants for the multiplication rule in this basis should be given by counting broken lines (certain combinatorial objects, morally the tropicalisations of holomorphic discs). Here we prove the conjecture in the case of cluster varieties, where the statement is a more precise form of the Fock-Goncharov dual basis conjecture, [FG06], Conjecture 4.3. In particular, under suitable hypotheses, for each Y the partial compactification of an affine cluster variety U given by allowing some frozen variables to vanish, we obtain canonical bases for H0(Y,OY ) extending to a basis of H0(U,OU ). Each choice of seed canonically identifies the parameterizing sets of these bases with integral points in a polyhedral cone. These results specialize to basis results of combinatorial representation theory. For example, by considering the open double Bruhat cell U in the basic affine space Y we obtain a canonical basis of each irreducible representation of SLr, parameterized by a set which each choice of seed identifies with integral points of a lattice polytope. These bases and polytopes are all constructed essentially without representation theoretic considerations. Along the way, our methods prove a number of conjectures in cluster theory, including positivity of the Laurent phenomenon for cluster algebras of geometric type.

Algebraic Groups: The Theory of Group Schemes of Finite Type over a Field

Abstract: Algebraic groups play much the same role for algebraists as Lie groups play for analysts. This book is the first comprehensive introduction to the theory of algebraic group schemes over fields that includes the structure theory of semisimple algebraic groups, and is written in the language of modern algebraic geometry. The first eight chapters study general algebraic group schemes over a field and culminate in a proof of the Barsotti–Chevalley theorem, realizing every algebraic group as an extension of an abelian variety by an affine group. After a review of the Tannakian philosophy, the author provides short accounts of Lie algebras and finite group schemes. The later chapters treat reductive algebraic groups over arbitrary fields, including the Borel–Chevalley structure theory. Solvable algebraic groups are studied in detail. Prerequisites have also been kept to a minimum so that the book is accessible to non-specialists in algebraic geometry.

Spin and wedge representations of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and groups (Clifford algebra/spin representation/affine Kac-Moody Lie algebra/highest weight representation/line bundle)

Abstract: We suggest a purely algebraic construction of the spin representation of an infinite-dimensional orthogonal Lie. al- gebra (sections 1 and 2) and a corresponding group (section 4). From this we deduce a construction of all level-one highest-weight representations of orthogonal affine Lie algebras in terms of cre- ation and annihilation operators on an infinite-dimensional Grass- mann algebra (section 3). We also give a similar construction of the level-one representations of the general linear affine. Lie al- gebra in an infinite-dimensional "wedge space." Along these lines we construct the corresponding representations of the universal central extension of. the group SL,(k(t,t-1)) in spaces of sections of line bundles over infinite-dimensional homogeneous spaces (sec- tion 5).

Knot Invariants and Higher Representation Theory

Abstract: We construct knot invariants categorifying the quantum knot variants for all representations of quantum groups. We show that these invariants coincide with previous invariants defined by Khovanov for sl_2 and sl_3 and by Mazorchuk-Stroppel and Sussan for sl_n. Our technique is to study 2-representations of 2-quantum groups (in the sense of Rouquier and Khovanov-Lauda) categorifying tensor products of irreducible representations. These are the representation categories of certain finite dimensional algebras with an explicit diagrammatic presentation, generalizing the cyclotomic quotient of the KLR algebra. When the Lie algebra under consideration is $\mathfrak{sl}_n$, we show that these categories agree with certain subcategories of parabolic category O for gl_k. We also investigate the finer structure of these categories: they are standardly stratified and satisfy a double centralizer property with respect to their self-dual modules. The standard modules of the stratification play an important role as test objects for functors, as Vermas do in more classical representation theory. The existence of these representations has consequences for the structure of previously studied categorifications. It allows us to prove the non-degeneracy of Khovanov and Lauda's 2-category (that its Hom spaces have the expected dimension) in all symmetrizable types, and that the cyclotomic quiver Hecke algebras are symmetric Frobenius. In work of Reshetikhin and Turaev, the braiding and (co)evaluation maps between representations of quantum groups are used to define polynomial knot invariants. We show that the categorifications of tensor products are related by functors categorifying these maps, which allow the construction of bigraded knot homologies whose graded Euler characteristics are the original polynomial knot invariants.

Classifying tilting complexes over preprojective algebras of Dynkin type

Abstract: We study support τ-tilting modules over preprojective algebras of Dynkin type. We classify basic support τ-tilting modules by giving a bijection with elements in the corre- sponding Weyl groups. Moreover we show that they are in bijection with the set of torsion classes, the set of torsion-free classes and many other important objects in representation theory. We also study g-matrices of support τ-tilting modules, which show terms of minimal projective presentations of indecomposable direct summands. We give an explicit descrip- tion of g-matrices and prove that cones given by g-matrices coincide with chambers of the associated root systems.

Locally Analytic Vectors in Representations of Locally P-adic Analytic Groups

Abstract: This paper develops various foundational results in the locally analytic representation theory of p-adic groups. In particular, we define the functor ``pass to locally analytic vectors'', which attaches to any continuous representation of a p-adic analytic group on a locally convex p-adic topological vector space the associated space of locally analytic vectors. Using this functor, and the point of view that its construction suggests, we establish some basic facts about admissible locally analytic representations (as defined by Schneider and Teitelbaum). We also introduce the related notion of essentially admissible locally analytic representations.

Representation stability and finite linear groups

Abstract: We study analogues of FI-modules where the role of the symmetric group is played by the general linear groups and the symplectic groups over finite rings, and we prove basic structural properties such as local Noetherianity. Applications include a proof of the Lannes–Schwartz Artinian conjecture in the generic representation theory of finite fields, very general homological stability theorems with twisted coefficients for the general linear and symplectic groups over finite rings, and representation-theoretic versions of homological stability for congruence subgroups of the general linear group, the automorphism group of a free group, the symplectic group, and the mapping class group.

Tensor models, Kronecker coefficients and permutation centralizer algebras

Abstract: We show that the counting of observables and correlators for a 3-index tensor model are organized by the structure of a family of permutation centralizer algebras. These algebras are shown to be semi-simple and their Wedderburn-Artin decompositions into matrix blocks are given in terms of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of symmetric groups. The matrix basis for the algebras also gives an orthogonal basis for the tensor observables which diagonalizes the Gaussian two-point functions. The centres of the algebras are associated with correlators which are expressible in terms of Kronecker coefficients (Clebsch-Gordan multiplicities of symmetric groups). The color-exchange symmetry present in the Gaussian model, as well as a large class of interacting models, is used to refine the description of the permutation centralizer algebras. This discussion is extended to a general number of colors d: it is used to prove the integrality of an infinite family of number sequences related to color-symmetrizations of colored graphs, and expressible in terms of symmetric group representation theory data. Generalizing a connection between matrix models and Belyi maps, correlators in Gaussian tensor models are interpreted in terms of covers of singular 2-complexes. There is an intriguing difference, between matrix and higher rank tensor models, in the computational complexity of superficially comparable correlators of observables parametrized by Young diagrams.

On the partition approach to schur-weyl duality and free quantum groups

Abstract: We give a general definition of classical and quantum groups whose representation theory is “determined by partitions” and study their structure. This encompasses many examples of classical groups for which Schur-Weyl duality is described with diagram algebras as well as generalizations of P. Deligne's interpolated categories of representations. Our setting is inspired by many previous works on easy quantum groups and appears to be well suited to the study of free fusion semirings. We classify free fusion semirings and prove that they can always be realized through our construction, thus solving several open questions. This suggests a general decomposition result for free quantum groups which in turn gives information on the compact groups whose Schur-Weyl duality is implemented by partitions. The paper also contains an appendix by A. Chirvasitu proving simplicity results for the reduced C*-algebras of some free quantum groups.

On finite dimensional Nichols algebras of diagonal type

Abstract: This is a survey on Nichols algebras of diagonal type with finite dimension, or more generally with arithmetic root system. The knowledge of these algebras is the cornerstone of the classification program of pointed Hopf algebras with finite dimension, or finite Gelfand–Kirillov dimension; and their structure should be indispensable for the understanding of the representation theory, the computation of the various cohomologies, and many other aspects of finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras. These Nichols algebras were classified in Heckenberger (Adv Math 220:59–124, 2009) as a notable application of the notions of Weyl groupoid and generalized root system (Heckenberger in Invent Math 164:175–188, 2006; Heckenberger and Yamane in Math Z 259:255–276, 2008). In the first part of this monograph, we give an overview of the theory of Nichols algebras of diagonal type. This includes a discussion of the notion of generalized root system and its appearance in the contexts of Nichols algebras of diagonal type and (modular) Lie superalgebras. In the second and third part, we describe for each Nichols algebra in the list of Heckenberger (2009) the following basic information: the generalized root system; its label in terms of Lie theory; the defining relations found in Angiono (J Eur Math Soc 17:2643–2671, 2015; J Reine Angew Math 683:189–251, 2013); the PBW-basis; the dimension or the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension; the associated Lie algebra as in Andruskiewitsch et al. (Bull Belg Math Soc Simon Stevin 24(1):15–34, 2017). Indeed the second part deals with Nichols algebras related to Lie algebras and superalgebras in arbitrary characteristic, while the third contains the information on Nichols algebras related to Lie algebras and superalgebras only in small characteristic, and the few examples yet unidentified in terms of Lie theory.

Introduction to W-Algebras and Their Representation Theory

Abstract: These are lecture notes from author’s mini-course on W-algebras during Session 1: “Vertex algebras, W-algebras, and application” of INdAM Intensive research period “Perspectives in Lie Theory”, at the Centro di Ricerca Matematica Ennio De Giorgi, Pisa, Italy. December 9, 2014–February 28, 2015.

On toric degenerations of flag varieties

Abstract: Following the historical track in pursuing TT-equivariant flat toric degenerations of flag varieties and spherical varieties, we explain how powerful tools in algebraic geometry and representation theory, such as canonical bases, Newton–Okounkov bodies, PBW-filtrations and cluster algebras come to push the subject forward.

Minimal inclusions of torsion classes

Abstract: Let $\Lambda$ be a finite-dimensional associative algebra. The torsion classes of $mod\, \Lambda$ form a lattice under containment, denoted by $tors\, \Lambda$. In this paper, we characterize the cover relations in $tors\, \Lambda$ by certain indecomposable modules. We consider three applications: First, we show that the completely join-irreducible torsion classes (torsion classes which cover precisely one element) are in bijection with bricks. Second, we characterize faces of the canonical join complex of $tors\, \Lambda$ in terms of representation theory. Finally, we show that, in general, the algebra $\Lambda$ is not characterized by its lattice $tors\, \Lambda$. In particular, we study the torsion theory of a quotient of the preprojective algebra of type $A_n$. We show that its torsion class lattice is isomorphic to the weak order on $A_n$.

The full spectrum of AdS5/CFT4 I: Representation theory and one-loop Q-system

Abstract: With the formulation of the quantum spectral curve for the AdS5/CFT4 integrable system, it became potentially possible to compute its full spectrum with high efficiency. This is the first paper in a series devoted to the explicit design of such computations, with no restrictions to particular subsectors being imposed. We revisit the representation theoretical classification of possible states in the spectrum and map the symmetry multiplets to solutions of the quantum spectral curve at zero coupling. To this end it is practical to introduce a generalisation of Young diagrams to the case of non-compact representations and define algebraic Q-systems directly on these diagrams. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm to explicitly solve such Q-systems that circumvents the traditional usage of Bethe equations and simplifies the computation effort. For example, our algorithm quickly obtains explicit analytic results for all 495 multiplets that accommodate single-trace operators in N=4 SYM with classical conformal dimension up to 13/2. We plan to use these results as the seed for solving the quantum spectral curve perturbatively to high loop orders in the next paper of the series.

Vertex operator algebras, Higgs branches, and modular differential equations

Abstract: Every four-dimensional ${\cal N}=2$ superconformal field theory comes equipped with an intricate algebraic invariant, the associated vertex operator algebra. The relationships between this invariant and more conventional protected quantities in the same theories have yet to be completely understood. In this work, we aim to characterize the connection between the Higgs branch of the moduli space of vacua (as an algebraic geometric entity) and the associated vertex operator algebra. Ultimately our proposal is simple, but its correctness requires the existence of a number of nontrivial null vectors in the vacuum Verma module of the vertex operator algebra. Of particular interest is one such null vector whose presence suggests that the Schur index of any ${\cal N}=2$ SCFT should obey a finite order modular differential equation. By way of the "high temperature" limit of the superconformal index, this allows the Weyl anomaly coefficient $a$ to be reinterpreted in terms of the representation theory of the associated vertex operator algebra. We illustrate these ideas in a number of examples including a series of rank-one theories associated with the "Deligne-Cvitanovi\'c exceptional series" of simple Lie algebras, several families of Argyres-Douglas theories, an assortment of class ${\cal S}$ theories, and ${\cal N}=4$ super Yang-Mills with $\mathfrak{su}(n)$ gauge group for small-to-moderate values of $n$.

Orthogonal Bases of Invariants in Tensor Models

Abstract: Representation theory provides a suitable framework to count and classify invariants in tensor models. We show that there are two natural ways of counting invariants, one for arbitrary rank of the gauge group and a second, which is only valid for large N. We construct bases of invariant operators based on the counting, and compute correlators of their elements. The basis associated with finite N diagonalizes the two-point function of the theory and it is analogous to the restricted Schur basis used in matrix models. We comment on future lines of investigation.

Integral transforms for coherent sheaves

Abstract: The theory of integral, or Fourier-Mukai, transforms between derived categories of sheaves is a well established tool in noncommutative algebraic geometry. General "representation theorems" identify all reasonable linear functors between categories of perfect complexes (or their "large" version, quasi-coherent sheaves) on schemes and stacks over some fixed base with integral kernels in the form of sheaves (of the same nature) on the fiber product. However, for many applications in mirror symmetry and geometric representation theory one is interested instead in the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves (or its "large" version, ind-coherent sheaves), which differs from perfect complexes (and quasi-coherent sheaves) once the underlying variety is singular. In this paper, we give general representation theorems for linear functors between categories of coherent sheaves over a base in terms of integral kernels on the fiber product. Namely, we identify coherent kernels with functors taking perfect complexes to coherent sheaves, and kernels which are coherent relative to the source with functors taking all coherent sheaves to coherent sheaves. The proofs rely on key aspects of the "functional analysis" of derived categories, namely the distinction between small and large categories and its measurement using $t$-structures. These are used in particular to correct the failure of integral transforms on Ind-coherent sheaves to correspond to such sheaves on a fiber product. The results are applied in a companion paper to the representation theory of the affine Hecke category, identifying affine character sheaves with the spectral geometric Langlands category in genus one.

Recollements of derived categories III: finitistic dimensions

Abstract: In this paper, we study homological dimensions of algebras linked by recollements of derived module categories, and establish a series of new upper bounds and relationships among their finitistic or global dimensions. This is closely related to a longstanding conjecture, the finitistic dimension conjecture, in representation theory and homological algebra. Further, we apply our results to a series of situations of particular interest: exact contexts, ring extensions, trivial extensions, pullbacks of rings, and algebras induced from Auslander-Reiten sequences. In particular, we not only extend and amplify Happel’s reduction techniques for finitistic dimenson conjecture to more general contexts, but also generalise some recent results in the literature.

Introduction to compact (matrix) quantum groups and Banica–Speicher (easy) quantum groups

Abstract: This is a transcript of a series of eight lectures, 90 min each, held at IMSc Chennai, India from 5–24 January 2015. We give basic definitions, properties and examples of compact quantum groups and compact matrix quantum groups such as the existence of a Haar state, the representation theory and Woronowicz’s quantum version of the Tannaka–Krein theorem. Building on this, we define Banica–Speicher quantum groups (also called easy quantum groups), a class of compact matrix quantum groups determined by the combinatorics of set partitions. We sketch the classification of Banica–Speicher quantum groups and we list some applications. We review the state-of-the-art regarding Banica–Speicher quantum groups and we list some open problems.

Conjectures about p-adic groups and their noncommutative geometry

Abstract: Let G be any reductive p-adic group. We discuss several conjectures, some of them new, that involve the representation theory and the geometry of G. At the heart of these conjectures are statements about the geometric structure of Bernstein components for G, both at the level of the space of irreducible representations and at the level of the associated Hecke algebras. We relate this to two well-known conjectures: the local Langlands correspondence and the Baum-Connes conjecture for G. In particular, we present a strategy to reduce the local Langlands correspondence for irreducible G-representations to the local Langlands correspondence for supercuspidal representations of Levi subgroups.

Quantum theory in real Hilbert space: How the complex Hilbert space structure emerges from Poincaré symmetry

Abstract: As earlier conjectured by several authors and much later established by Soler (relying on partial results by Piron, Maeda–Maeda and other authors), from the lattice theory point of view, Quantum Mechanics may be formulated in real, complex or quaternionic Hilbert spaces only. Stuckelberg provided some physical, but not mathematically rigorous, reasons for ruling out the real Hilbert space formulation, assuming that any formulation should encompass a statement of Heisenberg principle. Focusing on this issue from another — in our opinion, deeper — viewpoint, we argue that there is a general fundamental reason why elementary quantum systems are not described in real Hilbert spaces. It is their basic symmetry group. In the first part of the paper, we consider an elementary relativistic system within Wigner’s approach defined as a locally-faithful irreducible strongly-continuous unitary representation of the Poincare group in a real Hilbert space. We prove that, if the squared-mass operator is non-negative, the system admits a natural, Poincare invariant and unique up to sign, complex structure which commutes with the whole algebra of observables generated by the representation itself. This complex structure leads to a physically equivalent reformulation of the theory in a complex Hilbert space. Within this complex formulation, differently from what happens in the real one, all selfadjoint operators represent observables in accordance with Soler’s thesis, and the standard quantum version of Noether theorem may be formulated. In the second part of this work, we focus on the physical hypotheses adopted to define a quantum elementary relativistic system relaxing them on the one hand, and making our model physically more general on the other hand. We use a physically more accurate notion of irreducibility regarding the algebra of observables only, we describe the symmetries in terms of automorphisms of the restricted lattice of elementary propositions of the quantum system and we adopt a notion of continuity referred to the states viewed as probability measures on the elementary propositions. Also in this case, the final result proves that there exists a unique (up to sign) Poincare invariant complex structure making the theory complex and completely fitting into Soler’s picture. This complex structure reveals a nice interplay of Poincare symmetry and the classification of the commutant of irreducible real von Neumann algebras.

On the local langlands correspondence for split classical groups over local function fields

Abstract: We prove certain depth bounds for Arthur’s endoscopic transfer of representations from classical groups to the corresponding general linear groups over local fields of characteristic 0, with some restrictions on the residue characteristic. We then use these results and the method of Deligne and Kazhdan of studying representation theory over close local fields to obtain, under some restrictions on the characteristic, the local Langlands correspondence for split classical groups over local function fields from the corresponding result of Arthur in characteristic 0.

Multiparameter quantum Schur duality of type B

Abstract: We establish a Schur type duality between a coideal subalgebra of the quantum group of type A and the Hecke algebra of type B with 2 parameters. We identify the $\imath$-canonical basis on the tensor product of the natural representation with Lusztig's canonical basis of the type B Hecke algebra with unequal parameters associated to a weight function.

W -algebras, higher rank false theta functions, and quantum dimensions

Abstract: Motivated by appearances of Rogers’ false theta functions in the representation theory of the singlet vertex operator algebra, for each finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra of ADE type, we introduce higher rank false theta functions as characters of atypical modules of certain W-algebras and compute asymptotics of irreducible characters which allows us to determine quantum dimensions of the corresponding modules. In the \({{\text {s}}\ell }_2\)-case, we recover many results from Bringmann and Milas (IMRN 21:11351–11387, 2015).

Representations of the oriented skein category

Abstract: The oriented skein category $OS(z,t)$ is a ribbon category which underpins the definition of the HOMFLY-PT invariant of an oriented link, in the same way that the Temperley-Lieb category underpins the Jones polynomial. In this article, we develop its representation theory using a highest weight theory approach. This allows us to determine the Grothendieck ring of its additive Karoubi envelope for all possible choices of parameters, including the (already well-known) semisimple case, and all non-semisimple situations. Then we construct a graded lift of $OS(z,t)$ by realizing it as a 2-representation of a Kac-Moody 2-category. We also discuss the degenerate analog of $OS(z,t)$, which is the oriented Brauer category $OB(\delta)$.

On classification of extremal non-holomorphic conformal field theories

Abstract: Rational chiral conformal field theories are organized according to their genus, which consists of a modular tensor category and a central charge c. A long-term goal is to classify unitary rational conformal field theories based on a classification of unitary modular tensor categories. We conjecture that for any unitary modular tensor category , there exists a unitary chiral conformal field theory so that its modular tensor category is . In this paper, we initiate a mathematical program in and around this conjecture. We define a class of extremal vertex operator algebras with minimal conformal dimensions as large as possible for their central charge, and non-trivial representation theory. We show that there are finitely many different characters of extremal vertex operator algebras possessing at most three different irreducible modules. Moreover, we list all of the possible characters for such vertex operator algebras with .