Showing papers on "Rhetorical question published in 1976"
TL;DR: The authors examine research papers on the issue of drinking and driving, treating the scientific document as a literary, artistic product. And they apply principles of literary criticism, utilized in the analysis of narrative, drama and poetry, to the presentation of research to show how statements of fact are given scientific legitimacy and how the literary formulation transfers such statements into rhetorical prescriptions for action.
Abstract: This paper is part of a larger study of how knowledge is used in strategies for the solution of public issues. I examine research papers on the issue of drinking and driving, treating the scientific document as a literary, artistic product. Principles of literary criticism, utilized in the analysis of narrative, drama and poetry are applied to the presentation of research to show how statements of fact are given scientific legitimacy and how the literary formulation transfers such statements into rhetorical prescriptions for action. Theorizing and conclusion-making are shown to involve presentational devices of literary selection and language which confer policy implications upon them.
282 citations
TL;DR: The authors raised and attempted to answer three questions: Is there one way of knowing or many? What sort of knowing does rhetoric strive to achieve? And, is rhetorical relativism vicious?
Abstract: This essay raises and attempts to answer three questions: Is there one way of knowing or many? What sort of knowing does rhetoric strive to achieve? And, is rhetorical relativism vicious?
127 citations
TL;DR: Argument diagrams are linguistically biased; they abstract arguments out of social contexts; and it is impossible to clearly define and delimit the phenomena they represent as discussed by the authors, and the disadvantages of their use outweigh any conceptual advantages they might provide, and the rhetorical critic and argumentation theorist should eschew their use.
Abstract: Argument diagrams, especially Stephen Toulmin's “layout,” have enjoyed wide popularity, but the theoretical assumptions behind the use of such diagrams are very suspect. Diagrams are linguistically biased; they abstract arguments out of social contexts; and it is impossible to clearly define and delimit the phenomena they represent. The disadvantages of their use outweigh any conceptual advantages they might provide, and the rhetorical critic and argumentation theorist are enjoined to eschew their use.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method of agon and cluster analysis is developed and amplified to the speeches of President John F. Kennedy to illustrate the usability of Burke's method, which offers the rhetorical critic a way of obtaining a more objective picture of a given speaker's rhetoric.
Abstract: Kenneth Burke's method of agon and cluster analysis is developed‐and amplified. The method is then applied to the speeches of President John F. Kennedy to illustrate its usability. Burke's method offers the rhetorical critic a way of obtaining a more objective picture of a given speaker's rhetoric.
56 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The problem of rhetoric as the speech that acts on the emotions can be treated from two points of view: from one point of view, it can be considered simply as a doctrine of a type of speech that the traditional rhetoricians, the politicians, and the preachers need, i.e., only as an art, as a technique of persuading as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The problem of rhetoric as the speech that acts on the emotions can be treated from two points of view. It can be considered simply as a doctrine of a type of speech that the traditional rhetoricians, the politicians, and the preachers need, i.e., only as an art, as a technique of persuading. In this case the problems of rhetoric will be limited to questions of practical directions for persuading people and will not hâve a theoretical character. From another point of view, however, the problems of rhetoric can be seen as involving a relation to philosophy, to theoretical speech. We can formulate this in the following way: if philosophy aims at being a theoretical mode of thought and speech, can it hâve a rhetorical character and be expressed in rhetorical forms? The answer seems obvious: theoretical thinking, as a rational process, excludes every rhetorical element because pathetic influences the influences of feeling disturb the clarity of rational thought. Locke and Kant, for example, express this view, and their Statements are characteristic of the rationalistic attitude toward rhetoric. Locke writes: "I confess, in discourses where we seek rather pleasure and delight than information and improvement, such Ornaments as are borrowed from them can scarce pass for faults. But yet if we would speak of things as they are, we must allow that ail the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness; ail the artificial and figurative application of words eloquence hath invented, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas, move the passions, and thereby mislead the judgment; and so are perfect cheats."1 Kant writes:
48 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined from a discourse point of view a well-known difficulty in learning a second language: the inability of a learner to comprehend the total discourse in a paragraph even when he may understand all words in each sentence and/or all of the sentences in that paragraph.
Abstract: This paper examines from a discourse point of view a well-known difficulty in learning a second language: the inability of a learner to comprehend the total discourse in a paragraph even when he may understand all the words in each sentence and/or all of the sentences in that paragraph. This difficulty has become particularly apparent to us from our observations of non-native learners of scientific and technical subject matter in the U.S. Our EST teaching and research into EST discourse have led us to believe that the ability on the part of the experienced native reader of EST to use a kind of presuppositional, or implicit, information is lacking in these second-language learners. We discuss this type of information in terms of implicit rhetorical functions, specifically those functions of definition and classification.
45 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined these conceptions as they are manifested in a selection of educational writings of the period I770 to I850 in Britain, and showed how they were employed both to devise and to justify educational programmes.
Abstract: All pedagogical writings and theoretical treatments of the process of education tend to be developed on the basis of particular conceptions of the constitution of the mind, the nature of thought, and the relationship of knowledge and thinking. Such conceptions may take the form of explicit psychological theories, or they may be informal, taken-for-granted models and presuppositions to which appeal is routinely made as arguments proceed. In what follows we shall examine these conceptions as they are manifested in a selection of educational writings of the period I770 to I850 in Britain, and we shall show how they were employed both to devise and to justify educational programmes.1 The writings of this period and place make a particularly interesting case study, since they derive from a context characterized by rapid innovation in education, when intense concern with pedagogical problems was felt by a wide range of upper and middle-class groupings. The rapid changes in the distribution of wealth, power and social standing induced by the processes of industrialization had stimulated a re-appraisal of the functions and effectiveness of existing educational provisions and a search for new forms and institutions. Writers frequently laid bare their assumptions and cognitive models, as well as their goals and interests, in an unusually clear and distinct fashion. While we use historical materials, our intention is not simply to offer a study of a particularly accessible historical context. Rather, it is to use the context, and the material selected from it, as a forum wherein to raise some issues evidently of general significance in the understanding of pedagogical writings. The general predicament of pedagogy is that it is bound to proceed on the basis of assumptions which are difficult to develop and correct via empirical feedback, and which are peculiarly liable to be influenced by social interests and conceptions of the social order. By observing this in our chosen context we put ourselves in a better position to consider how we might take account of this continuing problem.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Perelman's concept of the universal audience is used to establish the reasonableness of arguments in rhetorical discourse, where it is applied to the process of invention where it serves as a "check" on the arguments being constructed.
Abstract: This essay explicates Chaim Perelman's concept of the universal audience as a tool that can be used to establish the reasonableness of arguments in rhetorical discourse. The concept is applied to the process of invention where it serves as a “check” on the reasonableness of the arguments being constructed.
37 citations
TL;DR: A number of studies have been undertaken to test the basic assumption that the organization of paragraphs written in any language by individuals who are not native speakers of that language will be influenced by the rhetorical preferences of the native language as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The concept of Contrastive Rhetoric was first articulated in 1966. In the intervening decade, a number of studies have been undertaken to test the basic assumption that the organization of paragraphs written in any language by individuals who are not native speakers of that language will be influenced by the rhetorical preferences of the native language. In retrospect, some dozen studies by a variety of scholars are reviewed. Since the primary assumption appears to have survived analysis, a preliminary taxonomy of syntactic devices operating on inter‐sentence transitions and a framework for the analysis of discourse blocs are developed.
35 citations
TL;DR: A somewhat belated reply to Robert Cathcart's 1972 call for a specifically rhetorical definition of movements is given in this paper, where the authors summarise the brief history of the rhetorical study of movements and explain it in detail.
Abstract: This article is a somewhat belated reply to Robert Cathcart's 1972 call for a specifically rhetorical definition of movements After summarizing the brief history of the rhetorical study of movements, the article proposes such a definition and explains it in detail
34 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Carroll as discussed by the authors argued that Love's Labour's Lost Shakespeare sought to discover the ways in which the imagination uses and abuses language, and argued that the conflicting theories about the proper relation of language and imagination are resolved stylistically and thematically only in the final Debate between Spring and Winter, where the playwright reasserts the nature and value of good art.
Abstract: This book contends that in Love's Labour's Lost Shakespeare sought to discover the ways in which the imagination uses and abuses language. The author's critical reading shows that the characters are endowed with a wide variety of rhetorical disguises. Each assumes that his verbal and social point of view is correct, and the limitations and virtues of each viewpoint are explored as the drama unfolds. In an elegant examination of theme and style, Professor Carroll heightens the reader's awareness of Shakespeare's marvellously inventive use of language. The author analyzes the different kinds of style, the characters' attitudes toward language, the play's theatrical modes, the frequent metamorphoses, and the debates. The term "debate"-justified by Shakespeare's use of the medieval conflictus-relates to both theme and structure. The author finds that the conflicting theories about the proper relation of language and imagination are resolved stylistically and thematically only in the final Debate between Spring and Winter, where the playwright reasserts the nature and value of good art. Originally published in 1976. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the use of the category "women" here and of course, generally-like other personalistic categories-is a reductionist and individualistic outlook, a paradigm characteristically part of American rhetoric emphasizing the individual, the psychological, Calvinistic internalizations of norms and self-reliance, etc., all at the expense of the structural, the organized, the collective, the socio-culturally determined.
Abstract: The point of my title is to indicate my ever-increasing malaise respecting the spurious reification of "women" as a unit for anlaysis-a unit I see as ideologically generated, not scientifically. The category "women" seems to me a rhetorical one, not one which has (or can be proved to have) generic scientific utility. The category, at best, is only useful contextually, i.e., with reference to special social situations or societies, where, in any case, it is better rendered conceptually as "women's roles" which entail also, of course, men's roles. I suppose, epistemically, methodologically, there is a certain utility in organizing an inquiry such as this symposium dealing with the question of women in the migratory process in order that its essential emptiness of scientific content can become manifest-as occurred in the symposium. Not really surprisingly, what turned out to be significant were households, extended kin networks, and sometimes other social groupings, both in places of origin and in migratory meccas. I shall argue, as one major part of my comment, that the use of the category "women," here and of course, generally-like other personalistic categories-is a reductionist and individualistic outlook, a paradigm characteristically part of American rhetoric emphasizing the individual, the psychological, Calvinistic internalizations of norms and self-reliance, etc.; all at the expense of the structural, the organized, the collective, the socio-culturally determined. Emphasis on the individual and on internalized norms and personal motivation, furthermore, tends to obscure the socially-determined strategies (as opposed to the motivations) in individual and group action within social-structural contexts. I shall return to the reductionist question later. During the symposium, Judith-Maria Buechler commented that the "real world of women" is also the real world of men and the real world
TL;DR: In this paper, Rhetorical ridicule of reconstruction blacks is used to describe Reconstruction Blacks in the context of speech and behavior of Reconstruction Blacks, and it is shown that it works well.
Abstract: (1976). Rhetorical ridicule of reconstruction blacks. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 400-409.
TL;DR: This paper pointed out that three basic appeals, namely territoriality, ethnocentrism and optimism, pervade the genre of pro-war rhetorical discourse, though the appeals are developed differently under various historical circumstances.
Abstract: Viewing pro‐war rhetorical discourse directed to the general public as a genre, the author suggests that three basic appeals— those to territoriality, ethnocentrism and optimism—pervade the genre, though the appeals are developed differently under various historical circumstances. He further suggests that stated war aims, though usually expressed ambiguously, tend to change as a war progresses. These points are amplified by a close examination of New England rhetoric during the last French war and a general consideration of some other war rhetoric.
TL;DR: The rhetorical situation of movements, unlike other rhetorical forms, contains exigencies of mobilization as mentioned in this paper, which can be defined as the set of rhetorical acts which include mobilizational appeals.
Abstract: The rhetorical situation of movements, unlike other rhetorical forms, contains exigencies of mobilization. Rhetorical movements can be defined as the set of acts which includes mobilizational appeals. This definition reconstitutes critical categories, excluding from consideration as movements groups of spokesmen who are alike only in responding to similar motivational exigencies, and including studies of individual speakers who respond to mobilizational exigencies. Methods for studying mobilizational appeals are suggested in order to (1) guide the critic toward appropriate rhetorical acts; (2) clarify requirements for successful mobilizational appeals; and (3) specify the relationships between mobilizational appeals and the total rhetorical action of the movement. Methodology is exemplified by application to early American evangelism. Emphasis on the rhetoric of mobilization creates new lines of analysis and research both for rhetorical theorists and for critics of public communication.
TL;DR: The essential attributes of the concept of charisma have not been identified in anything like a systematic way, with the result that use of the term, even in learned discourse, is often extremely ambiguous as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Charisma is a term which in popular usage describes the personal appeal of an extraordinary individual. Derived from a Greek word meaning “divine gift”, the term is used generally to symbolize the inexplicable force of such a personality. The essential attributes of the concept of charisma have not been identified in anything like a systematic way, with the result that use of the term, even in learned discourse, is often extremely ambiguous. This paper, an analytic study, represents an attempt to identify the essential attributes of the term, with a view to making it more useful, particularly within the universe of rhetorical discourse.
TL;DR: This article conducted an initial attempt at rhetorical biography and details an automated language analysis procedure for assessing verbal absolution, concluding that Nixon's verbal absolutism was less pronounced than that of a comparison group of speakers, highly variable, explainable only when a network of rhetorical variables was considered, and manifested variously (and predictably) from situation to situation.
Abstract: This study is an initial attempt at rhetorical biography and details an automated language analysis procedure for assessing verbal absolution. The study proceeds deductively by first positing five features of the “public personality” of Richard M. Nixon and then using these constructs to interpret certain stylistic probings made of his rhetoric. The results of the investigation indicate that Nixon's verbal absolutism was (1) less pronounced than that of a comparison group of speakers, (2) highly variable, (3) explainable only when a network of rhetorical variables was considered, and (4) manifested variously (and predictably) from situation to situation.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of 511 intimate relationships demonstrates some particular consistencies which appear to represent intimacy as a type of rhetorical situation, and examines such relationships by using a set of rhetorical heuristics appears to be functionally productive in theory building and application.
Abstract: “Interpersonal communication” is an abstraction that includes too much. Intimate communication between friends and lovers represents a special case of exchanged discourse that has had little attention devoted to it. Both behaviorists and humanistic psychologists have attempted such study but their work has resulted in a mythology which is counter‐productive. A study of 511 intimate relationships demonstrates some particular consistencies which appear to represent intimacy as a type of rhetorical situation. Examining such relationships by using a set of rhetorical heuristics appears to be functionally productive in theory‐building and application.
TL;DR: The authors used the verbal metaphor of compass and the corresponding visual metaphor of four "maps" for another purpose: they are intended to show how theoretical awareness permits us to relate the particular critical landscape we traverse to other areas inviting more or less interdependent explorations.
Abstract: Why theory? The usual answer goes something like this: Literary theory tells us what we are doing when we read, teach, or write about literature. Knowing where we are and in which direction we are heading no doubt helps us reach specific destinations. In this essay, however, I am using the verbal metaphor of compass and the corresponding visual metaphor of four "maps" for another purpose. They are intended to show how theoretical awareness permits us to relate the particular critical landscape we traverse to other areas inviting more or less interdependent explorations. Let me start by observing that literary works, just like other verbal constructs, are capable of conveying information from one mind to another. Some critics prefer to approach texts as instruments of mimesis (words representing worlds), others as instruments of communication (messages from authors to readers). Yet literary works communicate and represent at the same time, and criticism as a whole should account for them both as utterances with potential appeal and as verbal signs representing worlds. Map 1 places the work at the meeting point of two "axes" of literature: the rhetorical axis of communication connecting author and reader and the mimetic axis of representation connecting language and information. But communication and representation are complementary aspects of meaningfully employed language both within and without the realm of literature. Thus "speaker," "speech event," and "listener" could be substituted for "author," "work," and "reader."'
Book•
01 Aug 1976
TL;DR: This article attempted to locate the patterns of the first part of the book of Jeremiah by the application of rhetorical criticism, that is, the analysis of the ways by which two or more units of literary material are connected into larger units by the association of sounds, key words, or ideas.
Abstract: This book attempts to locate the patterns of the first part of the book of Jeremiah by the application of rhetorical criticism--that is, the analysis of the ways by which two or more units of literary material are connected into larger units by the association of sounds, key words, or ideas.
TL;DR: The Supreme Court majority opinion in the publicized 1973 abortion case Roe v. Wade demonstrated this rhetorical nature of decisions both in its choice of arguments and evidence and in its effort to organize symbolically the world of the medical and legal considerations surrounding abortion.
Abstract: Court decisions themselves, and not just arguments before courts, are rhetorical works The Supreme Court majority opinion in the publicized 1973 abortion case Roe v Wade demonstrated this rhetorical nature of decisions both in its choice of arguments and evidence and in its effort to organize symbolically the world of the medical and legal considerations surrounding abortion
TL;DR: The use of argument by example is an important logical instrument of rhetoric as mentioned in this paper, allowing argument from part to part or case to case without the intervention of a whole or rule, the example is needed in those situations in which "rule-governed" deductive or inductive reasoning is inapplicable.
Abstract: The example, though often ignored by contemporary theorists, is an important logical instrument of rhetoric. Allowing argument from part to part or case to case without the intervention of a whole or rule, the example is needed in those situations in which “rule‐governed” deductive or inductive reasoning is inapplicable. Aristotle's deliberative rhetor, for instance, in advising about the future, may face novel and indeterminate situations in which he requires an example to impute order before he can articulate issues and develop rule‐governed arguments. Argument by example is not “irrational,” but as an independent mode of logical proof or persuasion it is not parasitic on and does not require justification through rules.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: It is argued that there is a clear analytical separation between speech disorders and speech behaviors which are indicative of neurotic disorders, and identified "reticence" as the most useful of the various imprecise terms used to refer to people with speech problems.
TL;DR: In this paper, a rhetorical paradigm for examining traditional sexism in our society and developing a philosophical stance on which to base a systematic instructional campaign for the reduction of sexism is presented, and a number of specific teaching strategies are enumerated for implementation in the classroom.
Abstract: This article offers a rhetorical paradigm for examining traditional sexism in our society and for developing a philosophical stance on which to base a systematic instructional campaign for the reduction of sexism A number of specific teaching strategies are enumerated for implementation in the classroom
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors interpolated five chapters between a recently written historical account of the science and the main body of textual material whose structure had long been determined, and the added chapters contained not only Lyell's effort to express the consequences of the uniformity of nature in the history of the earth, but also his general arguments against the catastro-phic-progressionist interpretation, which he felt obliged to refute.
Abstract: When Charles Lyell was writing his Principles of geology early in 1830, he interpolated five chapters between a recently written historical account of the science and the main body of textual material whose structure had long been determined. These added chapters contained not only Lyell's effort ‘to express the consequences of the uniformity of nature in the history of the earth’, but also his general arguments against the catastro-phic-progressionist interpretation, which he felt obliged to refute. In Chapter IX, the final one in the introductory sections, Lyell chose as representative of the progressionist view, Sir Humphry Davy, ‘a late distinguished writer’ who had ‘advanced some of the weightiest of these objections’ to Lyell's own steady-state view of the earth. No other defender of the progressionist history of the earth was named in Lyell's chapter, and we might well ask, why Humphry Davy? Was he merely an easy target for Lyell's refutations, a straw man set up by Lyell for his own rhetorical convenience?
TL;DR: In this article, the two most important Latin rhetorical theorists of the fifth century A.D, St. Augustine and Martianus Capella, were analyzed and analyzed, revealing an interaction between the Ciceronian rhetorical tradition and the changing cultural environment.
Abstract: St. Augustine and Martianus Capella are the two most important Latin rhetorical theorists of the fifth century A.D. Analysis of their theories reveals an interaction between the Ciceronian rhetorical tradition and the changing cultural environment of the fifth century.