Showing papers on "Ruby laser published in 2010"
TL;DR: The principles of laser tattoo removal and their applications for different types and colors of tattoos are understood and the complications that can occur such as dyspigmentation, allergic reactions, epidermal debris, ink darkening, and so on, are highlighted.
Abstract: Tattoos have existed and have been used as an expression of art by man for ages—and so have the techniques to remove them. Lasers based on the principle of selective photothermolysis are now being used to remove black as well as colorful tattoos with varying successes. The commonly used lasers for tattoo removal are the Q-switched 694-nm ruby laser, the Q-switched 755-nm alexandrite laser, the 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser, and the 532-nm Nd:YAG laser. Newer techniques and methods are evolving in tattoo removal with lasers. Choosing the right laser for the right tattoo color is necessary for a successful outcome. Our review aims to understand the principles of laser tattoo removal and their applications for different types and colors of tattoos. The review also highlights the complications that can occur such as dyspigmentation, allergic reactions, epidermal debris, ink darkening, and so on, in this process and how to prevent them.
91 citations
TL;DR: In the past 50 years since Maiman's first demonstration of the ruby laser, numerous types of laser ions and host materials have been developed with emission wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared spectral range as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the past 50 years since Maiman’s first demonstration of the ruby laser [Nature187, 493 (1960)], numerous types of laser ions and host materials have been developed with emission wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared spectral range. Despite the rapid progress in semiconductor laser technology, solid-state lasers still play an important role in many fields in science, industry, and daily life. In this paper we give a brief introduction into the fabrication techniques for laser crystals and the interplay between the host material and the laser ion. We review the current state of the art of some important solid-state laser concepts for continuous wave and pulsed operation modes. Finally, we present a selection of potential well-noted topics which may be important in future research and for the development of novel solid-state lasers.
83 citations
TL;DR: Details on the design and basic parameters of the DCU laser ion source (LIS) are presented and the main issues surrounding laser-plasma formation, ion extraction and modeling of beam transport in relation to the operation of a LIS are detailed.
Abstract: Laser ion sources are used to generate and deliver highly charged ions of various masses and energies We present details on the design and basic parameters of the DCU laser ion source (LIS) The theoretical aspects of a high voltage (HV) linear LIS are presented and the main issues surrounding laser-plasma formation, ion extraction and modeling of beam transport in relation to the operation of a LIS are detailed A range of laser power densities (I∼108–1011 W cm−2) and fluences (F=01–39 kJ cm−2) from a Q-switched ruby laser (full-width half-maximum pulse duration ∼35 ns, λ=694 nm) were used to generate a copper plasma In “basic operating mode,” laser generated plasma ions are electrostatically accelerated using a dc HV bias (5–18 kV) A traditional einzel electrostatic lens system is utilized to transport and collimate the extracted ion beam for detection via a Faraday cup Peak currents of up to I∼600 μA for Cu+ to Cu3+ ions were recorded The maximum collected charge reached 94 pC (Cu2+) Hydrodynam
37 citations
TL;DR: In 1960 two rival laboratories reported the creation of lasers and controversy over priority and proper behavior has persisted for half a century as discussed by the authors, and three Bell Labs veterans of that confused but exciting summer tell the story as they remember it.
Abstract: In 1960 two rival laboratories reported the creation of lasers. Controversy over priority and proper behavior has persisted for half a century. Now three Bell Labs veterans of that confused but exciting summer tell the story as they remember it.
9 citations
TL;DR: The patient compliance that accompanied tattoo removal is examined and the reasons behind the typically low success rates for total tattoo clearance are examined.
Abstract: The use and success of high-energy, short-pulse, Q-switched lasers for tattoo removal has been well demonstrated. Three types of lasers are currently commercially available for tattoo removal: the Q-switched ruby laser (694 nm), the Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 nm) and the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 nm and 1064 nm). Multiple parameters such as tattoo type, color, location, and patient skin type dictate which laser is optimal in each patient. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of these modalities, there are few papers that address some of the long-term issues of tattoo removal, such as patient compliance, and how these issues impact on the success rates of optimal tattoo removal treatments. In this retrospective study, 10-year data from a single center are presented. Our data include parameters such as clearance rates, number of treatments, wavelength of the utilized laser, and fluence and spot-size setting. In addition, potential complications such as scarring, hypopigmentation, and pain wer...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of the population lens on electromagnetic field development in a Q-switched unstable supergaussian cavity (QUSC) was analyzed by a FFT based computational model.
Abstract: We analyze the impact of the population lens on electromagnetic (EM) field development in a Q -switched unstable supergaussian cavity (QUSC) by a FFT based computational model. The results show distortions in a structure of the near field as well as of the far-field pattern and reveal detrimental impact on the capability of energy extraction from the gain material and the energy stability of pulses. The computational results were confirmed with the experimental analysis of a ruby laser with QUSC. The computational results are also in excellent agreement with the published work dealing with the Cr:LISAF QUSC cavity. Our investigations show that population lens should be taken into account when using chromium-doped laser media in a QUSC.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a scheme to generate terahertz (THz) emission using active disordered medium made of ruby grains with a three-level atomic system is proposed via a one-dimensional model.
Abstract: A scheme to generate terahertz (THz) emission using active disordered medium made of ruby grains with a three-level atomic system is proposed via a one-dimensional model. Our computed results reveal that THz random lasing phenomenon could occur under suitable conditions. The proposed scheme is based on the pumping of the 2A¯ level of ruby via a ruby laser operating on its R2 line (693.9 nm), and 0.87 THz random lasing is expected on the 2A¯ to E¯ transition of the split E2 level.
5 citations
TL;DR: The upgraded ruby TS system measures 512 points across the major radius of the MAST vessel and can resolve small (7 mm) structures at 200 points in both the electron temperature and density channels at high optical contrast; ∼50% modulated transfer function.
Abstract: A major upgrade to the ruby Thomson scattering (TS) system has been designed and implemented on the Mega-ampere spherical tokamak (MAST). MAST is equipped with two TS systems, a Nd:YAG laser system and a ruby laser system. Apart from common collection optics each system provides independent measurements of the electron temperature and density profile. This paper focuses on the recent upgrades to the ruby TS system. The upgraded ruby TS system measures 512 points across the major radius of the MAST vessel. The ruby laser can deliver one 10 J 40 ns pulse at 1 Hz or two 5 J pulses separated by 100–800 μs. The Thomson scattered light is collected at F/15 over 1.4 m. This system can resolve small (7 mm) structures at 200 points in both the electron temperature and density channels at high optical contrast; ∼50% modulated transfer function. The system is fully automated for each MAST discharge and requires little adjustment. The estimated measurement error for a 7 mm radial point is <4% of Te and <3% of ne in t...
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of interactions of laser light with wavelength λ = 694.3nm (Ruby laser, Q-switch mode) and metal samples, covered with a deposit.
Abstract: Copper and aluminum are materials that have technological, functional and expressive value in the contemporary art and architecture. Therefore, studying the possibilities of protection of these materials by using non-destructive method is of great importance when it comes to cultural heritage. The paper presents the results of interactions of laser light with wavelength λ = 694.3nm (Ruby laser, Q-switch mode) and metal samples, covered with a deposit. The goal of investigation was to determine the maximum energy density of the laser beam which can be used to remove deposit and does not interact with the basic material at the same time. The effects of laser interaction are investigated by SEM and EDX.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of laser radiation interaction (wavelength λ = 694.3 nm, Ruby laser, Q-switch mode) with metal samples covered with a deposit were presented.
Abstract: Nondestructive methods are dominant in diagnosing the status and protection of all kinds of contemporary industrial object, as well as object of industrial heritage. Laser methods open wide possibilities of research in the field of diagnosis and metal processing. This paper presents the results of laser radiation interaction (wavelength λ = 694.3 nm, Ruby laser, Q-switch mode) with metal samples covered with a deposit. The goal of the examination was to determine the maximum energy density, that can be used in diagnostics purpouses (interferometric methods, 3D scanning, i.e.) and as a tool for safe removal of deposits, without interacting with the basic material. Microscopic examination performed with SEM coupled with EDX allowed the determination of the safe laser light energy density levels, which caused the removal of the deposite from the surface of the sample, without degradation of the surface. The energy density up to 20 103 J/m2 is maximum allowed for the diagnosis or deposit removal.
1 citations
01 Jan 2010
07 May 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of the ruby laser with slow-relaxing solid-state saturable absorber calcium fluoride crystals doped with divalent dysprosium Dy2+:CaF2 is numerically investigated by solving the coupled rate equations with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method.
Abstract: The passive Q-switched performance of the ruby laser with slow-relaxing solid-state saturable absorber calcium fluoride crystals doped with divalent dysprosium Dy2+:CaF2 is numerically investigated by solving the coupled rate equations with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. In the mean time, important factors such as the laser population inversion at various stages, the peak photon number inside the laser resonator, the output energy and the pulse width of the Q-switched laser output are computed. For typical configuration, a Q-switched laser pulse of 150 ns in duration and 3 mJ in energy is obtained. Also the effects of the pumping rate, reflectivity of output coupler, and saturable absorber doping concentration on output laser characteristics are studied. The simulated results show reasonable agreement with those obtained experimentally by other research groups.