Showing papers on "Rural electrification published in 1991"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantified the cost of grid electricity to the end-user and compared with electricity from decentralized energy systems to obtain the specific distances from the grid, the level of demand and the load factor conditions under which using decentralized energy system for rural India makes economic sense.
58 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an outline of Finnish electrification: a background view the formative years diversification the emergence of foreign involvement Finnish hydropower, the Russian market and foreign business the wartime energy crisis regional power systems in the interwar period electricity supply in distress the post-war hypotower boom restructuring electricity production.
Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: the scope of the study the build-up of a new technology - some theoretical notes the objectives of the study. Part 2 An outline of Finnish electrification: a background view the formative years diversification the emergence of foreign involvement Finnish hydropower, the Russian market and foreign business the wartime energy crisis regional power systems in the interwar period electricity supply in distress the post-war hydropower boom restructuring electricity production. Part 3 Electricity supply: supply factors labour force and technical education hydropower steam power other prime movers electrical equipment the financing of investments electricity generation discussion. Part 4 Demand for electricity: demand factors industry transport agriculture and rural electrification the tertiary sector and households price competition between fuels and electricity discussion. Part 5 The interaction of electricity and the economy: linkages the repercussions of electrification electricity and economic growth. Part 6 Conclusions: the theme of the study the pace of electrification the channels for technology transfer.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a linear (mixed integer) model for determining the cost-effective technology options at the micro level for the irrigation water pumping in rural India, where solar photovoltaics, water pumping windmills, gasifier and biogas plants coupled to diesel engines operating in the dual fuel mode, electric pumpsets, and diesel pumps in the independent mode.
Abstract: In India and other developing countries, irrigation has received particular attention for stimulating economic growth. Increase in agricultural productivity through better inputs is considered the key to economic development and self sufficiency. Considering the cost increases incurred by the state-run electricity utilities in rural electrification and the uncertainties pertaining to the supply and the price of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, it becomes imperative to identify other options for irrigation water pumping. Much work has been done in recent years in India and elsewhere on the use of alternative technologies for this purpose, and the present work attempts to develop a linear (mixed integer) model for determining the cost-effective technology options at the micro level.
The energy required for irrigation is estimated. This is followed by a mathematical description of the developed model. The authors also discuss the technoeconomics of different energy resource and technology options for the irrigation sector. The technologies include solar photovoltaics, water pumping windmills, gasifier and biogas plants coupled to diesel engines operating in the dual-fuel mode, electric pumpsets, and diesel pumps in the independent mode. The developed model is solved for typical conditions that exist in India, and it is shown that there are conditions in which alternative energy technologies make economic sense.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of conventional economic analytical techniques to evaluate proposed rural distribution systems in an oil-importing developing country environment is discussed, and case studies are presented using a typical developing country.
Abstract: Extension of the power grid to rural and remote locations in a country has to be considered after detailed evaluation of technical, economic, and social implications. The use of conventional economic analytical techniques to evaluate proposed rural distribution systems in an oil-importing developing country environment is discussed. The parameters involved in the analyses are described in detail. Case studies are presented using a typical developing country. Revalidation of evaluations incorporating socio-economic analysis is introduced. >
16 citations
Book•
05 Dec 1991
TL;DR: Ontario Hydro responded to demands from residents of farms and hamlets for a fair share of the "public power" that was being distributed to municipalities in southwestern Ontario in 1910 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Hydro responded to demands from residents of farms and hamlets for a fair share of the "public power" that was being distributed to municipalities in southwestern Ontario in 1910 It extended its transmission lines along the back concessions of the region, developed new agrarian applications for electricity, and devised a rural rate schedule capable of attracting new customers and encouraging electrical consumption Provincial government funds were allocated to Hydro for rural development in the 1920s and moderate growth was maintained until World War II interrupted the rural construction program After the war, however, rural electrification in southern Ontario progressed rapidly until 1958 when provincial money for that region was substantially reduced and Hydro redirected its attention to the needs of the North While Fleming shows that the public utility proved responsive to changing economic conditions, technological developments, and political considerations as it became a world leader in rural electrification, he also presents evidence of the policies and methods which have engendered negative sentiment toward Ontario Hydro For example, he reveals that the "power at cost" policy was both a way to achieve price reduction and a strategy for price maintenance In describing the various influences on Ontario Hydro's program of rural electrification, Fleming has drawn from an impressive array of archival and newspaper sources, including the Ontario Hydro Archives, the Ontario Archives of the Hydro-Electric Commission, and files in the office of the Ontario Premier Power at Cost will become the standard reference on the subject of rural electrification in Ontario
12 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Data reveals that family planning is practised more in the electrified community than the non-electrified one, and there has been a significant decline in fertility.
Abstract: In Nigeria many rural communities are currently undergoing rapid economic and socio-cultural transformations including a decline in fertility....This paper contends that rural electrification is a major factor contributing to the changes especially in family planning practice which eventually results in fertility decline. Two communities were selected for case study: one with electricity and the other without electricity. The data reveals that family planning is practised more in the electrified community than the non-electrified one and there has been a significant decline in fertility. (EXCERPT)
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of Kenya is performed, considering the opportunities for incorporating solar electric power into Kenya's rural electrification programs, and the barriers preventing widespread deployment of this technology in Kenya are presented, and ways of overcoming these impediments are suggested.
Abstract: In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) solar electric technology has matured to the point where solar power is now cost competitive with fossil fuel generators for use in remote, low power (<5 kW) applications. This technology is ideally suited for rural electrification in developing countries due to the high availability of solar insolation and the low power requirements in these regions. Yet PV technology is growing very slowly in Third World nations. This is due to both a lack of awareness of the technology and barriers from several institutions. In this article a case study of Kenya is performed, considering the opportunities for incorporating solar electric power into Kenya's rural electrification programs. The barriers preventing widespread deployment of this technology in Kenya are presented, and ways of overcoming these impediments are suggested.
6 citations
Book•
14 Nov 1991
TL;DR: The dispossession rationalized -myths about population and resources: the Third World, with its billions of people, is straining the world's resources no wonder they are running out of food and fuel as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Part 1 Dispossessing the disenfranchised - the foreign aid myths: foreign aid is humanitarian and does not violate human rights eventually, the billions we're spending on our energy aid will pay off for the Third World's poor whatever else happens, developing renewable resources, such as hydroelectricity, means that our gift will last forever we can kill two birds with one stone by giving the Third World our products, boosting our own economy and helping the needy abroad. Part 2 The dispossession rationalized - myths about population and resources: the Third World, with its billions of people, is straining the world's resources no wonder they're running out of food and fuel - until they control their population it's a losing battle the tragedy of deforestation is the tragedy of the commons the Third World can't afford to worry about protecting its environment when it has more important things to worry about - like feeding its billions floods are an act of God development experts have learned a lot from the mistakes they have made in the past. Part 3 Technological fixes - myths about what the Third World needs: we need to switch to nuclear power to save the world's scarce resources for the Third World the Third World needs nuclear power because it can't afford oil rural electrification will transform the depressed and stagnant rural areas of the Third World into healthy economic centers - it will increase agricultural output, promote rural industries, create rural employment, lower birth rates, and improve the quality of rural life we should export our solar technology to the Third World the Third World should skip the oil era and get directly onto renewable energy Third World people don't know what is in their own self-interest - look at the way they squander woodfuel, for example. Conclusions - Toward empowerment: these are no myths.
5 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the main lessons obtained during the operation and management of a PV Rural Electrification Project, which involved monitoring over one and a half years, are presented, focusing on three main aspects, a) consumption patterns, with the aim of verifying the design hypothesis, b) technical features with special attention to battery operation, and c) inverter behavior to analyze inverter sizing and albedo factor in order to quantify the extra energy obtained by the use of bifacial panels with appropriate surrounding conditioning.
Abstract: This paper presents the main lessons obtained during the operation and management of a PV Rural Electrification Project, which involved monitoring over one and a half years. It focuses on three main aspects, a) consumption patterns, with the aim of verifying the design hypothesis, b) technical features with special attention to battery operation (disequilibrium between cells and stratification) due to its importance for life expectancy; inverter behavior to analyze inverter sizing; and the albedo factor in order to quantify the extra energy obtained by the use of bifacial panels with appropriate surrounding conditioning; c) institutional topics, which appear to be the main obstacle to commercial exploitation by the utilities.
4 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a diesel-powered village grid for household electrification has been proven to be economically infeasible or unaffordable for most rural areas in developing countries in the world.
Abstract: Grid extension and diesel-powered village grids for household electrification have been proven to be economically infeasible or unaffordable for most rural areas in developing countries.
2 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a project carried out in the Bolivian high plateau, under the auspices of the ICI, as a first step to analyze the convenience to use PVs for rural electrification purposes in this area.
Abstract: This paper presents a project carried out in the Bolivian high plateau, under the auspices of the ICI, as a first step to analyze the convenience to use PVs for rural electrification purposes in this area. 190 individual families and a farm school have been electrified. A pilot assembling plant to manufacture ballasts and charge regulators has been set-up. The aptitude of the involved population is very good. Currently we are going to electrify 480 individual houses.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse du cout de l'electrification, de son financement and de la necessite d'obtenir des subventions in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Abstract: Etude de l'electrification des zones rurales du continent sud-africain en tant que condition necessaire au developpement socio-economique a long terme. Analyse du cout de l'electrification, de son financement et de la necessite d'obtenir des subventions
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: Analyse du marche de l'electricite d'origine solaire and provenant of l'espace, dans les pays en voie de developpement as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Analyse du marche de l'electricite d'origine solaire et provenant de l'espace, dans les pays en voie de developpement
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored some of the financial, institutional, and technical dimensions of commercial system dissemination, and assessed the prospects for the technology in light of these considerations, drawing from the experience gained from several recent household PV projects.
Abstract: Individual household photovoltaic (PV) systems have been shown to be economically competitive with conventional energy technologies under conditions which are widespread in developing countries. These systems can provide basic levels of electric service for tasks such as lighting and television and radio reception for which rural households are willing to pay relatively large amounts. If the household PV market is to achieve its potential, the technology must be commercialized on the basis of the household willingness to pay for services delivered. Drawing from the experience gained from several recent household PV projects, this paper explores some of the financial, institutional, and technical dimensions of commercial system dissemination, and assesses the prospects for the technology in light of these considerations.
ETSI1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized a project included in an Algerian-Spanish cooperation to electrify with PV Energy a remote saharian village in the south of Algeria, where the aim was to elect the village with PV energy.
Abstract: This paper summarizes a project included in an Algerian-Spanish cooperation. The aim was to electrify with PV Energy a remote saharian village in the south of Algeria.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the concepts from a previous work by the writer to global rural electrification based on electric power from power stations, built in geosynchronous orbit out of lunar materials, distributed to individual villages and rural electric cooperatives via microwave.
Abstract: “Perhaps the single greatest contribution that could be made to environmental conservation would be the invention of a satisfactory fuel‐wood substitute” for developing nations. Providing electric power from orbit under a program of energy as foreign aid to developing nations will benefit the local and global environment and people living on the margins of existence, and it will provide technically challenging jobs to the engineers and scientists of all the nations that undertake such a massive project. Civil engineers can, if they and their professional societies so choose, play a significant, if not integral, role in using the resources of Earth and its surroundings for the benefit of mankind under a program of energy from space. This paper extends the concepts from a previous work by the writer to global rural electrification based on electric power from power stations, built in geosynchronous orbit out of lunar materials, distributed to individual villages and rural electric cooperatives via microwave...