Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1974"
TL;DR: Embryonic activity, as a measure of viability of developing embryos, decreased in Cd concentrations with decreasing salinity, and mean total length of newly hatched larvae decreased with increasing Cd concentration of the rearing medium.
Abstract: 1. Eggs of autumn spawning Baltic herring (Clupea harengus L.) were incubated in cadmium-contaminated water (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 ppm) at four salinities (5 ‰, 16 ‰, 25 ‰, 32 ‰) in order to evaluate possible changes in toxicity of Cd. 2. Effects of Cd on embryonic survival were found to be dependent on salinity of the incubating water. Deleterious effects of Cd on developing herring embryos were more pronounced in brackish water than in sea water. 3. Embryonic activity, as a measure of viability of developing embryos, decreased in Cd concentrations with decreasing salinity. 4. In none of the trials was egg diameter altered by the Cd content of the incubation water. 5. In all salinities, incubation time appeared to be shortened with increasing Cd content of the test medium. 6. At 5 ‰, 16 ‰, 25 ‰ and 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm, hatching rate was not significantly altered by Cd. High hatching rates between 85 to 99% occurred in all salinity-Cd combinations. At high Cd levels (5.0 ppm), there was greater survival of embryos at high salinities (32 ‰ and 25 ‰) than at low salinities (16 ‰ and 5 ‰). 7. Percentage viable hatch was unaffected at 32 ‰, 25 ‰ and 16 ‰ S and 0, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm Cd. In low salinities (5 ‰), only 1% viable hatch occurred at 0.5 ppm; in 16 ‰, 61.5 % viable hatch occurred at 1.0 ppm Cd. No viable larvae were obtained in any tests at 5.0 ppm Cd. 8. In all salinities examined, mean total length of newly hatched larvae decreased with increasing Cd concentration of the rearing medium. Relative decrease in mean total length was minimum at 32 ‰ S. 9. In all four test concentrations yolk sac volumes of newly hatched larvae increased with rising Cd concentrations, probably associated with declining embryo activity. 10. The Cd content of eggs was found to be generally higher in lower salinities than in more saline water at comparable Cd concentrations.
89 citations
TL;DR: In the Gulf Coast area salinity of formation water increases with decrease of shale porosity as discussed by the authors, and the porosity of the central zones of the shale beds seems to stay at relatively high levels, at least during the earlier stages of compaction and water expulsion.
Abstract: In the Gulf Coast area salinity of formation water increases with decrease of shale porosity. The higher salinity probably results from ion filtration or deionization by shales (water passes through the shales but most salt ions are trapped there), as proposed by Overton and Timko. If the shale beds are interbedded with permeable sands, the maximum reduction in shale porosity must occur immediately above and below the sands, because the maximum water appears to be expelled from these parts of the shales. The porosity of the central zones of the shale beds seems to stay at relatively high levels, at least during the earlier stages of compaction and water expulsion. The fluid pressure in the margins thus will become lower than that in the central zones, and as a result the water will move from centers to margins toward the sands. Corresponding salinity distribution in shales will be reciprocal to the porosity, because of the ion-filtration effect of the shales. In other words, the salinity in the shales will tend to increase toward sand beds. The osmotic-flow direction in this case is from the less concentrated point to the concentrated, or from the centers to the margins of the shales toward the sands. This osmotic fluid flow is an addition to the compaction fluid flow mentioned above, and could facilitate fluid migration from shales to sands. Water expelled by compaction is interpreted to be about one third as saline as that of the original sea water in the Gulf Coast, and that moved by osmosis is fresh. In these fresher waters, if all other conditions are the same, hydrocarbon solubility is higher than in more saline water. This factor, therefore, favors hydrocarbon migration from shales to sands.
34 citations
01 Jan 1974
27 citations
Patent•
22 Feb 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a vapor compression evaporator was used to preheat the salinity of a salinity mixture, forming distillate and concentrated brine, which was then further heated by steam which was condensed in it; scale compounds were precipitated and carbon dioxide formed and expelled for recycle.
Abstract: Saline water is preheated by the hot discharges of a vapor compression evaporator, forming distillate and concentrated brine. Carbon dioxide that has been recycled to saline water prevents alkaline scale during the preheat. The saline water is thence further heated by steam which is condensed in it; scale compounds are precipitated and carbon dioxide formed and expelled for recycle. Mother liquor which is separated is flash vaporized, forming cooled mother liquor and vapor. The mother liquor is further cooled while preheating saline water, and is then evporated. The vapor is compressed to form steam for use in the further heating.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the soil water potential and salt patterns in uniform soil profiles as a result of four different water management treatments and found that the highest salt concentration occurred in the profiles irrigated with volumes of water below that evapotranspired by the tomato plants, indicating the importance of avoiding under irrigation whenever highly saline water is used with trickle irrigation.
Abstract: Although trickle irrigation offers the possibility of obtaining comparatively good yields when nontoxic highly saline water is used for irrigation, the subsequent accumulation of salts in the root zone is a potential hazard that should not be disregarded. The objective of this investigation was to determine experimentally the soil water potential and salt patterns in uniform soil profiles as a result of four different water management treatments. Under these treatments cherry tomato plants were irrigated (a) daily with a volume of water equal to that used by the plant on the previous day, (b) every other day with volumes of water equal, (c) below, and (d) above the water evapotranspired. In general, the soil water potential decreased in the soil profile, as a result of salt accumulation, with increased distance from the trickle source. In the profiles where the wetting fronts reached the mid-region between the emitters much lower soil water potentials were measured near the soil surface. The highest salt concentration occurred in the profiles irrigated with volumes of water below that evapotranspired by the tomato plants, indicating the importance of avoiding under irrigation whenever highly saline water is used with trickle irrigation. Higher soil water potentials and higher yields resulted from irrigating with volumes above the evapotranspiration.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of calcium sulfate dihydrate, which by precipitation can impede reverse osmosis (RO) processes, was determined at 25°C in three typical brackish water compositions and their concentrates.
12 citations
TL;DR: The water content of salt and Harderian glands, liver, leg muscle, intestine and kidney were unchanged during the period of rapid growth in the Black Swan, Cygnus atratus, but that of the adrenal glands and heart decreased significantly.
6 citations
TL;DR: The South Fork of Long Island, New York is an area which relies entirely on ground water for water supply as discussed by the authors, and most of the water which is pumped is artifically recharged, without treatment, via cesspools.
Abstract: The South Fork of Long Island, New York is an area which relies entirely on ground water for water supply. Most of the water which is pumped is artifically recharged, without treatment, via cesspools. The natural quality of the ground water is very high. Some areas show increasing nitrate in the ground water. This comes from both cesspools and agricultural fertilizer. Saline water intrusion is a potential problem in coastal areas. High ammonia in surface ponds may result in eutrophication.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dry matter yield of oats (Avena byzantina) grown on a sodic soil were measured under conditions of fluctuating saline (31 mmhos cm-1) water tables.
Abstract: In 1968 and 1969, at Kerang, Victoria, the dry matter yield of oats (Avena byzantina) grown on a sodic soil were measured under conditions of fluctuating saline (31 mmhos cm-1) water tables. In each year, a water table was established for 14 days at one of three growth stages and at depths varying from 7.5 to 90 cm. Relative to the yield obtained when the water table remained at 90 cm depth, dry matter yields were reduced by 70 per cent (1968) and 79 per cent (1969) by one temporary water table rise to a depth of 7.5 cm for 14 days. Intermediate reductions in yields occurred when the water tables rose temporarily to intermediate depths from 82.5 cm to 15 cm (7.5 cm intervals). The growth stage at which the water table rise occurred had no significant effect on yield, except in the second period in 1969 when yield was reduced during conditions of high temperature and low evaporation.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for measuring the potential of MOIST SALINE SOILS in the field is described, based on the Freezing Point DePRESSION (FPDE) method.
Abstract: A METHOD FOR MEASURING OSMOTIC POTENTIAL OF SOLUTIONS AND MOIST SALINE SOILS IN THE FIELD IS DESCRIBED. OSMOTIC POTENTIAL OF MOIST SALINE SOILS IS DETERMINED BY THE FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION METHOD USING A MODIFIED THERMISTOR SENSOR. THE DATA FROM SUCH MEASUREMENTS IS USEFUL IN MONITORING CHANGES IN SOIL PARAMETERS AS THEY RELATE TO THE ECOLOGY OF SALT MARSHES. /AUTHOR/
2 citations
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the hydrography of the lower Murderkill River, a small, shallow estuary in southeastern Delaware, from July, 1967, through December, 1970.
Abstract: The hydrography of the lower Murderkill River, a small, Shallow estuary in southeastern Delaware, was studied from July, 1967, through December, 1970. Variations of current velocity, tide stage, salinity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured at one station in the estuary during periods of mean and high freshwater runoff. The flushing time and mixing characteristics of the estuary during mean runoff were determined using a water-tracer dye. Seasonal and tidal variations of salinity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and turbidity were measured at seven stations along the estuary from September, 1969 through December, 1970. The Murderkill Estuary has characteristics of both a well-mixed and partiaUy-mixed estuary. The prevailing hydrographic regime is maintained by tidal mixing and forced river flow which disrupt density-induced, internal circulation. Approximately 90% of the upsffeam salt flux is maintained by diffusion. During mean freshwater runoff the estuary discharges 1.7 l0 s m 3 of freshwater seaward per tidal cycle and has a flushing time of 4.4 tidal cycles. The flushing time decreases from 18.4 tidal cycles during low runoff, 3.1 104 m 3 per tidal cycle, to 2.6 tidal cycles during high runoff, 3.1 l0 s m 3 per tidal cycle. The proposed daily discharge of 3.8 104 m 3 of sewage effluent into the estuary will shorten the flushing time of the estuary at the discharge site from 4.4 to 3.9 tidal cycles during mean runoff. Salinity distributions in the estuary are highly variable. At high water, the lower reaches of the estuary are occupied by moderately saline water, 15.7 to 28.2 o/oo, from lower Delaware Bay. Vertical and longitudinal salinity gradients are small. In the central section of the estuary, salinity decreases from values characteristic of lower Delaware Bay to 1.0 o/oo. Mean vertical salinity differences are 2.0 o/oo, and the mean longitudinal salinity gradient is 2.7 o/oo per km. In tidal freshwater, salinity does not exceed 1.0 o/oo, and salinity gradients, vertical and longitudinal, are small. At low water, salinity in the lower reaches of the estuary is reduced substantially. The water column is well mixed, and the mean longitudinal salinity gradient is 2.4 o/oo per km. Tidal freshwater occupies the upstream 30% to 70% of the estuary with increasing runoff. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the estuary range from 10 to 12 rag/liter during the winter to 2 to 3 mg/liter during the summer. A zone of oxygen depletion appears in the central section of the estuary. This section will receive the effluent from the sewage-treatment facility. Oxygenated water presently enters the central section of the estuary from inland freshwater runoff and from lower Delaware Bay.
TL;DR: In some instances removal of saline water by deep-pumping wells will enable continued development of fresh-water supplies as mentioned in this paper, and sealing abandoned wells effectively stops any vertical circulations within wells.
Abstract: nearly horizontal interface below the fresh water. 2. Increased ground-water levels. Raising ground-water levels, such as by artificial recharge, aids in suppressing the saline water. 3. Pumping saline water. In some instances removal of saline water by deep-pumping wells will enable continued development of fresh-water supplies. 4. Sealing abandoned wells. This effectively stops any vertical circulations within wells.