Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2004"

The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason

Abstract: This important and timely book delivers a startling analysis of the clash of faith and reason in today's world. Harris offers a vivid historical tour of mankind's willingness to suspend reason in favor of religious beliefs, even when those beliefs are used to justify harmful behavior and sometimes heinous crimes. He asserts that in the shadow of weapons of mass destruction, we can no longer tolerate views that pit one true god against another. Most controversially, he argues that we cannot afford moderate lip service to religion an accommodation that only blinds us to the real perils of fundamentalism. While warning against the encroachment of organized religion into world politics, Harris also draws on new evidence from neuroscience and insights from philosophy to explore spirituality as a biological, brain-based need. He calls on us to invoke that need in taking a secular humanistic approach to solving the problems of this world."

Shadow Economies Around the World: What Do We Know?

Abstract: Using various statistical procedures, estimates about the size of the shadow economy in 110 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 1999-2000 in developing countries is 41%, in transition countries 38% and in OECD countries 18.0%. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the driving forces for the growth and size of the shadow economy. If the shadow economy increases by one percent the annual growth rate of the "official" GDP of a developing country (of a industrialized and/or transition country) decreases by 0.6% (increases by 0.8 and 1.0 respectively).

Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation

Abstract: We solve and estimate a dynamic model that allows agents to optimally choose their labor hours and consumption and that allows for both human capital accumulation and savings. Estimation results and simulation exercises indicate that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is much higher than the conventional estimates and the downward bias comes from the omission of the human capital accumulation effect. The human capital accumulation effect renders the life-cycle path of the shadow wage relatively flat, even though wages increase with age. Hence, a rather flat life-cycle labor supply path can be reconciled with a high intertemporal elasticity of substitution.

The Long Shadow of Temperament

Abstract: Prologue 1 Overview 2 The Tapestries of Temperament 3 Biological Responses to Unfamiliarity 4 Behavioral and Biological Assessments 5 Integrating Behavior and Biology 6 Implications References Index

The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World : First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003

Abstract: Using the DYMIMIC approach, estimates of the shadow economy in 145 developing, transition, developed OECD countries, South Pacific islands and still communist countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 2002/2003 in developing countries is 39.1%, in transition countries 40.1%, in OECD countries 16.3%, South Pacific islands 33.4% and 4 remaining Communist countries 21.8%. An increasing burden of taxation, high unemployment and low official GDP growth are the driving forces of the shadow economy.

Europe: An Unfinished Adventure

Abstract: Acknowledgements. Chapter one -- An Adventure called 'Europe'. Chapter two -- In the Empire's Shadow. Chapter three -- From social state to security state. Chapter four-- Towards a world hospitable to Europe. Notes. Index

The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003

Abstract: Using the DYMIMIC approach, estimates of the shadow economy in 145 developing, transition, developed OECD countries, South Pacific islands and still communist countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 2002/2003 in developing countries is 39.1%, in transition countries 40.1%, in OECD countries 16.3%, South Pacific islands 33.4% and 4 remaining Communist countries 21.8%. An increasing burden of taxation, high unemployment and low official GDP growth are the driving forces of the shadow economy.

On Dynamic Principal-Agent Problems in Continuous Time

Abstract: I study the provision of incentives in dynamic moral hazard models with hidden actions and possibly hidden states. I characterize implementable contracts by establishing the applicability of the first-order approach to contracting. Implementable contracts are history dependent, but can be written recursively with a small number of state variables. When the agent’s actions are hidden, but all states are observed, implementable contracts must take account of the agent’s utility process. When the agent has access to states which the principal cannot observe, implementable contracts must also take account of the shadow value (in marginal utility terms) of the hidden states. As an application of my results, I explicitly solve a model with linear production and exponential utility, showing how allocations are distorted for incentive reasons, and how access to hidden savings further alters allocations.

Violence and Crime in Nineteenth Century England: The Shadow of our Refinement

Abstract: Why does violence seem to haunt modern civilization? Can violence "speak", and if so, what can it tell us? Where do our attitudes toward violence come from? This book examines these questions by considering a critical period in the evolution of attitudes toward violence. Using the English experience, it explores the meanings of violence through an accessible mixture of detailed empirical research and a broad survey of cutting-edge historical theory. It critically investigates the concept of the "civilizing process" and asks readers to rethink their own views of violence. Nineteenth-century social upheaval changed attitudes toward class, gender, suffering, public space and state power, leading to new understandings of violence. Adherents of emerging "civilized" views confronted a "customary" mentality with different views of violent behaviour. That encounter saw the "invention" of violence as a social problem that was seen to threaten a nascent culture of refinement. The author critically examines this process, and the customary mentality of violence is given particularly close attention. The complex and dynamic interactions between civilization and custom are revealed through topics such as streetfighting, policing, sports, community discipline and domestic violence. Although customary notions eventually faded, this book shows how the nineteenth century established enduring patterns in views of violence. Violence and Crime in Nineteenth-Century England will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers of modern British history, social and cultural history and criminology.

History's shadow : native Americans and historical consciousness in the nineteenth century

Abstract: Who were the Native Americans? Where did they come from and how long ago? Did they have a history, and would they have a future? Questions such as these dominated intellectual life in the United States during the nineteenth century. And for many Americans, such questions about the original inhabitants of their homeland inspired a flurry of historical investigation, scientific inquiry, and heated political debate. "History's Shadow" traces the struggle of Americans trying to understand the people who originally occupied the continent claimed as their own. Steven Conn considers how the question of the Indian compelled Americans to abandon older explanatory frameworks for sovereignty like the Bible and classical literature and instead develop new ones. Through their engagement with Native American language and culture, American intellectuals helped shape and define the emerging fields of archaeology, ethnology, linguistics, and art. But more important, the questions posed by the presence of the Indian in the United States forced Americans to confront the meaning of history itself, both that of Native Americans and their own: how it should be studied, what drove its processes, and where it might ultimately lead. The encounter with Native Americans, Conn argues, helped give rise to a distinctly American historical consciousness. A work of enormous scope and intellect, "History's Shadow" will speak to anyone interested in Native Americans and their profound influence on our cultural imagination. "History s Shadow" is an intelligent and comprehensive look at the place of Native Americans in Euro-American s intellectual history. . . . Examining literature, painting, photography, ethnology, and anthropology, Conn mines the written record to discover how non-Native Americans thought about Indians. Joy S. Kasson, "Los Angeles"" Times ""

The Saudi Paradox

Abstract: Saudi Arabia is in the throes of a crisis, but its elite is bitterly divided on how to escape it. Crown Prince Abdullah leads a camp of liberal reformers seeking rapprochement with the West, while Prince Nayef, the interior minister, sides with an anti-American Wahhabi religious establishment that has much in common with al Qaeda. Abdullah cuts a higher profile abroad -- but at home Nayef casts a longer and darker shadow.

Modes of Regional Governance in Africa: Neoliberalism, Sovereignty Boosting, and Shadow Networks

Abstract: _ _ The profound implications of globalization, regionalization, and the restructuring of the nation-state have made it necessary to transcend the conventional obsession with national government and recognize the emergence of new and revised authority and gover nance structures, both "above" and "below" the level of national gov ernment. The political and institutional landscape is in transformation. In response, I suggest in this article that there is a need to think in terms of more complex, multilevel modes of governance, in which the state is reorganized and assumes different functions and where nonstate actors also contribute. The study transcends the limitations in the debate on governance by (1) bringing in the regional dimension in contrast to the current empha sis on either "global governance" or "good governance" at the national level; and (2) considering informal and private aspects of governance as opposed to the excessive focus on formal and public modes of gover nance. The purpose of this article is therefore to identify and critically assess three particular modes of regional governance in current Africa with regard to how they are related and by whom, for whom, and for what purpose they are erected. Critical international political economy (IPE) provides a useful ana lytical perspective for this endeavor, because it transcends state-centric ontology and rationalist epistemology and is concerned with structural and social change; historical power structures, emphasizing contradic tions in them; and change and transformation expressed in normative terms.1 That is, the critical perspective seeks to unmask the injustices and power relations built into the prevailing order and thereby to contribute to the emancipation of the excluded. It does so by avoiding state-centrism and instead problematizing the "state-society complex." The critical perspective does not take states as givens, but neither does it wish them

Self‐Regulatory Trajectories in the Shadow of Public Power: Resolving Digital Dilemmas in Europe and the United States

Abstract: Although industry self-regulation has developed into a preferred regula- tory strategy for the digital economy, self-regulatory solutions adopted in the U.S. and the European Union differ considerably. We argue that vari- ation in the shadow of public power—the public sector tools employed to induce industry collective action—sets the two on distinct self-regulatory trajectories. Legalistic self-regulation dominates in the U.S. and coordi- nated self-regulation in Europe. Expectations derived from the model are evaluated in case studies of online content regulation and personal data privacy protection. On both sides of the Atlantic, industry self-regulation has developed into a prominent regulatory strategy for the digital economy. 1 In an environ- ment still characterized by rapidly changing business models, market structures and technological advances, private sector self-regulation carves out a regulatory middle ground between government intervention and pure market mechanisms. Self-regulatory systems are often more flexible and less intrusive than formal regulation by governments; at the same time, they reduce uncertainty and enhance consumer confidence beyond levels attainable by the market alone. 2 Despite a common com- mitment to self-regulation based on this shared insight, much is made of the differences between regulatory solutions for "digital dilemmas" adopted in Europe and the U.S. Business practitioners, industry observers and policy makers in the U.S. have charged Europeans with heavy- handed government intervention that stifles innovation and distorts nascent e-commerce markets. Many Europeans, in turn, criticize America's naive faith in the market and unwillingness to protect common goods in the face of digital challenges. We show in this article that Europe and the U.S. indeed put much faith in e-commerce self-regulation. Yet the logic and character of self- regulation in Europe is very different from that in the U.S. Self-regulation

An Elusive Victorian: The Evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace

Abstract: Long kept in Darwin's shadow, Wallace co-discovered the theory of evolution, but was overlooked by critics due to his controversial intellectual career. Fichman examines not only Wallace's scientific work but also his philosophical concerns and political involvement.

The Rise and Fall of a Shadow System: Lessons for Enterprise System Implementation

Abstract: In much of the enterprise systems (ES) literature shadow systems, although infrequently studied, are regarded as undesirable. They are believed to undermine ES implementation and as such should be eliminated. Using a theoretical framework that explains the motivation for the development of shadow systems within an ES context, this paper analyses a longitudinal case study of the eight-year rise and expected fall of a single shadow system. Results of the analysis indicate that shadow systems may be useful indicators of a range of problems with enterprise system implementation. It appears that close examination of shadow systems may help both practitioners and researchers improve enterprise system implementation and evolution.

The unknown depths of political theory: The case for a multidimensional concept of corruption

Abstract: Defining corruption has proven to be such a difficult challenge that many contemporary analysts pass over the question as quickly as possible. But while definitions are too important to be dismissed as an analytical concern, a single one-dimensional definition that will satisfy all observers will never be found. Rather than proposing yet another definition, this article explores five dimensions of the concept: corruption as social decline, as deviant behavior, as a logic of exchange, as a system of measurable perceptions, and corruption as “shadow politic”. All help us view corruption within actual social settings; all lend further detail to the sorts of contrasts among concepts and usages that Arnold Heidenheimer explored in his work. In the end one of the most important aspects of the issue is that of trust, which not only helps us understand how corruption functions in actual cases but also underscores the reasons why we must continue to fight it.

1914-1918: The History of the First World War

Abstract: "1914-1918", David Stevenson's history of the First World War, has been acclaimed as the definitive one-volume account of the conflict In the summer of 1914 Europe exploded into a frenzy of mass violence The war that followed had global repercussions, destroying four empires and costing millions of lives Even the victorious countries were scarred for a generation, and we still today remain within the conflict's shadow In this major analysis David Stevenson re-examines the causes, course and impact of this 'war to end war', placing it in the context of its era and exposing its underlying dynamics His book provides a wide-ranging international history, drawing on insights from the latest research It offers compelling answers to the key questions about how this terrible struggle unfolded: questions that remain disturbingly relevant for our own time "It's harder to imagine a better single-volume comprehensive history of the conflict than this superb study" (Ian Kershaw) "Perhaps the best comprehensive one-volume history of the war yet written" ("New Yorker") "David Stevenson is the real dealHis defining characteristic is his outstanding rigour as an historiantremendously clever" (Niall Ferguson) "This history of the 1914-1918 conflict surpasses all others It is tough, erudite and comprehensive" ("Independent")

"Living in the dragon's shadow" fathers' experiences of a child's life-limiting illness.

Abstract: Grounded theory methods were used to study the experiences of 8 bereaved fathers whose children received care in a home-based hospice program. In-depth, unstructured interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded for themes and categories. Every aspect of fathers' lives was affected by their experiences, which were described in metaphoric terms as living in a dragon's shadow. Fathers dealt with life in the dragon's shadow by battling the dragon (the illness)--the core social process. Battling was a conscious, active, continuous process that required strength, willpower, and work. Battling occurred within the context of fathers' experiences with fathering and fatherhood and was characterized by 3 aspects: battling with uncertainty, battling with responsibility, and battling with everyday disruption. Fathers were assisted by supportive work environments and by supportive relationships with health care providers. Unsatisfactory relationships with medical personnel compounded fathers' battling with life in the dragon's shadow.

Shadow economies around the world: what do we know?

Abstract: Using various statistical procedures, estimates about the size of the shadow economy in 110 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 1999-2000 in developing countries is 41%, in transition countries 38% and in OECD countries 18.0%. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the driving forces for the growth and size of the shadow economy. If the shadow economy increases by one percent the annual growth rate of the "official" GDP of a developing country (of a industrialized and/or transition country) decreases by 0.6% (increases by 0.8 and 1.0 respectively).

Fiscal and Ethical Determinants of Shadow Economy: Theory and Evidence

Abstract: This paper introduces a theory of the mechanisms and determinants of why some markets are prone to develop shadow economies. It tests the suggested hypotheses using data on 21 developed OECD countries for 1989/90 2002/03. The econometric results provide support for the proposed determinants of shadow economies, including taxation, social security and the tax moral variables. Using the MIMIC method, we find that the estimated average size of the shadow economy relative to the official GDP was 13.2 per cent in 1989/90, rising to 16.8 per cent in 1999/2000. The results allow us to classify the OECD sample into economies with large, medium-sized, and moderate shadow economies. JEL Classification: C23, D43, H26, L13

Shadow Economy in three very different Mediterranean Countries: France, Spain and Greece. A MIMIC Approach

Abstract: This paper offers estimations of the shadow economy evolution in three very different Mediterranean countries: France, Spain and Greece. A multiple indicator and multiple cause model based on the latent variable structural theory has been applied; following Giles (1995) filtered data to solve the non-stationarity problems are used. The model includes tax burden (as a whole and decomposed in indirect taxes, direct taxes and social security contributions), regulation, unemployment rate and self-employment as causes of shadow economy and the participation ratio and currency ratio as indicators of the underground economy. Results confirm that unemployment, fiscal burden and self-employment are the main causes of shadow economy in these countries.

The British Working Class and Enthusiasm for War, 1914-1916

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The Rush to Colors, Business as Usual, and the Coming of Conscription, August, 1914-January, 1916 3. Currents within the Flood: Who were the Volunteers? 4. 'The Monotony of the Trivial Round': Enlistment and the Escape from Domesticity 5. 'Money was the Attraction.' Enlistment and Economic Motives 6. 'We Were Being Patriotic. Or Young and Silly.' Enlistment and Allegiance 7. 'A View of the Round World.' The Workers, Britain, Europe, and Empire 8. Conclusion: The Shadow of the Somme 9. Bibliography

Rubbing Salt into War Wounds : Shadow Economies and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Kosovo

Abstract: MICHAEL PUGH is reader in international relations at the University of Plymouth and editor of International Peacekeeping. He thanks Gemma Collantes Celador and Neil Cooper for their useful comments. Some elements of this article appeared in Michael Pugh and Neil Cooper with Jonathan Goodhand, War Economies in a Regional Context: Challenges of Transformation (Boulder: Lynne Rienner for the International Peace Academy, 2004). Rubbing Salt into War Wounds Shadow Economies and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Kosovo

Shadow communication: system for embodied interaction with remote partners

Abstract: "Shadow Communication" system has been developed allowing others to communicate by means of their "shadows" in remote space. This is designed so that each participant's shadow enters into a space through a semi-transparent screen and interacts with another subject's shadow. This interaction occurs at a common 'stage' (a co-existing space) that can be self-organized. The interaction takes place in a spatial relationship ("ma"- perceptive distance or "Maai" in Japanese) and generates a situation where, seemingly, the participants are actually talking to each other in a face-to-face manner. Experiments on collaborative drawings or remote lecturing conducted with various subjects resulted in the different groups being properly positioned in their co-existing space, thus suggesting that the co-creative activities between the groups were successfully established.

The shadow of death: an empirical analysis of the pre-exit performance of young German firms

Abstract: This paper makes an empirical contribution to the confirmation of the stylized fact that the performance of firms deteriorates in the years before exit. For this reason it is evaluated whether market exits differ significantly in their employment development in the years before market drop-out compared to surviving firms that have been selected using a non-parametric matching approach. The comparison of the employment growth rates among both groups reveals that the matched surviving firms experience higher growth rates compared to their exiting counterparts up to three years before market exit. Moreover, differences exist between Eastern and Western Germany due to various reasons.

The politics of healing : histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America

Abstract: Robert D. Johnston, "Introduction: The Politics of Healing" PRECURSORS: THE YEARS IN THE WILDERNESS Nadav Davidovitch, "Negotiating Dissent: Homeopathy and Anti-Vaccinationism at the Turn of the 20th Century" Anne Taylor Kirschmann, "Making Friends for 'Pure' Homeopathy: Hahnemannians and the Twentieth-Century Preservation and Transformation of Homeopathy" Barbara Clow, "Revisiting the 'Golden Age' of Regular Medicine": The Politics of Alternative Cancer Care in Ontario, 1900-1950" Michael Ackerman, "Science and the Shadow of Ideology in the American Health Foods Movement, 1930s-1960s" INTERSECTIONS: ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE MEETS ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE Otniel E. Dror, "'Voodoo Death': Fantasy, Excitement, and the Untenable Boundaries of Biomedical Science" Wade Davies, "Western Medicine and Navajo Healing: Conflict and Compromise" CONTESTING THE COLD WAR MEDICAL MONOPOLY Naomi Rogers, "Sister Kenny Goes to Washington: An Unorthodox Nurse, Polio, and Medical Populism in Postwar America" Michelle M. Nickerson, "'It Could Happen Here': California Housewives, Anti-Communism and the Alaska Mental Health Bill of 1956" Gretchen Ann Reilly, "'Not a so-called democracy'": Antifluoridationists and the Fight Over Drinking Water" CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES/CONTEMPORARY LEGACIES Amy Sue Bix, "Engendering Alternatives: Women's Health-Care Choices and Feminist Medical Rebellions" Georgina Feldberg, "Inside-Out: Holism and History in Toronto's Women's Health Movements" Velana Huntington, "A Quiet Movement: Orisha and the Healing of People, Spirit, History, and Community" Sita Reddy, "The Politics and Poetics of 'Magazine Medicine': New Age Ayurveda in the Print Media" David J. Hess, "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Cancer Therapies in Twentieth- Century North America: The Emergence and Growth of a Social Movement" Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Beyond the Culture Wars: The Politics of Alternative Health" CONCLUSIONS Robert D. Johnston, "Contemporary Anti-Vaccination Movements in Historical Perspective" James C. Whorton, "From Cultism to CAM: Alternative Medicine in the Twentieth Century"

In the Shadow of Waite and Kennedy – The Jurisdictional Immunity of International Organizations, the Individual's Right of Access to the Courts and Administrative Tribunals as Alternative Means of Dispute Settlement

Abstract: I. The jurisdictional immunity of international organizations ...................................................................................2 II. The right of access to court ...................................................................................................................................6 A. Immunity instruments .......................................................................................................................................9 B. The obligation to provide for adequate alternative dispute-settlement mechanisms ......................................10 C. Adequate alternative dispute-settlement mechanisms as a precondition for immunity – Subsidiary jurisdiction of national courts ..............................................................................................................................12 1. Fundamental rights review of acts of international organizations ............................................................. 13 2. Immunity of international organizations case law ...................................................................................... 15 3. State immunity case law ..............................................................................................................................20 4. Other conflict solution approaches ..............................................................................................................27 III. Implications of the alternative remedies requirement ...................................................................................... 30 A. Effectiveness as a criteria for adequate alternative means ............................................................................ 31 B. Assessment of the protection provided by a forum as an alternative means ................................................. 37 1. Independence of administrative tribunal judges .........................................................................................39 2. Fundamental principles of procedure ......................................................................................................... 41 a) Access to the ILOAT for potential claimants ..........................................................................................42 b) The lack of oral proceedings ..................................................................................................................44 c) The actual jurisprudence of the ILOAT .................................................................................................. 44 IV. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 45