Showing papers on "Solanum incanum published in 2016"

Transcriptome analysis and molecular marker discovery in Solanum incanum and S. aethiopicum, two close relatives of the common eggplant (Solanum melongena) with interest for breeding

Abstract: Solanum incanum is a close wild relative of S. melongena with high contents of bioactive phenolics and drought tolerance. S. aethiopicum is a cultivated African eggplant cross-compatible with S. melongena. Despite their great interest in S. melongena breeding programs, the genomic resources for these species are scarce. RNA-Seq was performed with NGS from pooled RNA of young leaf, floral bud and young fruit tissues, generating more than one hundred millions raw reads per species. The transcriptomes were assembled in 83,905 unigenes for S. incanum and in 87,084 unigenes for S. aethiopicum with an average length of 696 and 722 bp, respectively. The unigenes were structurally and functionally annotated based on comparison with public databases by using bioinformatic tools. The single nucleotide variant calling analysis (SNPs and INDELs) was performed by mapping our S. incanum and S. aethiopicum reads, as well as reads from S. melongena and S. torvum available on NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information), against the eggplant genome. Both intraspecific and interspecific polymorphisms were identified and subsets of molecular markers were created for all species combinations. 36 SNVs were selected for validation in the S. incanum and S. aethiopicum accessions and 96 % were correctly amplified confirming the polymorphisms. In addition, 976 and 1,278 SSRs were identified in S. incanum and S. aethiopicum transcriptomes respectively, and a set of them were validated. This work provides a broad insight into gene sequences and allelic variation in S. incanum and S. aethiopicum. This work is a first step toward better understanding of target genes involved in metabolic pathways relevant for eggplant breeding. The molecular markers detected in this study could be used across all the eggplant genepool, which is of interest for breeding programs as well as to perform marker-trait association and QTL analysis studies.

Turning Waste into Value: Nanosized Natural Plant Materials of Solanum incanum L. and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir with Promising Antimicrobial Activities.

Abstract: Numerous plants are known to exhibit considerable biological activities in the fields of medicine and agriculture, yet access to their active ingredients is often complicated, cumbersome and expensive. As a consequence, many plants harbouring potential drugs or green phyto-protectants go largely unnoticed, especially in poorer countries which, at the same time, are in desperate need of antimicrobial agents. As in the case of plants such as the Jericho tomato, Solanum incanum, and the common African tree Pterocarpus erinaceus, nanosizing of original plant materials may provide an interesting alternative to extensive extraction and isolation procedures. Indeed, it is straightforward to obtain considerable amounts of such common, often weed-like plants, and to mill the dried material to more or less uniform particles of microscopic and nanoscopic size. These particles exhibit activity against Steinernema feltiae or Escherichia coli, which is comparable to the ones seen for processed extracts of the same, respective plants. As S. feltiae is used as a model nematode indicative of possible phyto-protective uses in the agricultural arena, these findings also showcase the potential of nanosizing of crude “waste” plant materials for specific practical applications, especially—but not exclusively—in developing countries lacking a more sophisticated industrial infrastructure.

Bio Efficacy of Aqueous Crude Fruit Sap Extract of Solanum incanum against Green Peach Aphids Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract: Conventional insecticides are expensive and arguably associated with various severe adverse side effects hence the need to develop botanical pesticides that are effective as alternative. Though S. incanum fruits sap has been used by the local farmers to control aphids, literature show no scientifically investigated report of its effectiveness and the mode of its insecticidal action. This study was therefore designed to evaluate anti-aphids properties of crude fruit sap extract of S. incanum. A total of 180 kales were planted in the Plant Transformation Laboratory of Kenyatta University. They were divided into six groups with 10 plant stands each. Each group was subjected to routine spray with 10, 25, 50 and 75% S. incanum extract. Dimethoate was utilized as reference insecticide while the last group was not sprayed. The number of live and dead aphids was counted for two weeks after every pray in each group with an interval of one day to determine the deterrent and insecticidal activity. The extract at different tested concentrations showed some level of insecticidal and deterrent activities against green peach aphid. Further, phytochemical screening results showed that the crude fruits sap extract of S. incanum have phytochemicals associated with insecticidal and deterrent activity. The study has established that the crude fruits sap extract of S. incanum are effective in managing insects’ pest.

A review on ethnomedicinal use, nutritional value, phytochemistry and pharmacological characteristics of Solanum incanum L. An important medicinal plant

Abstract: Pharmacological properties of medicinal plants and various natural products of plant origin lie in the chemical constituents they contain. Thus, in most cases, the principal aim of phytochemical analysis of plants and natural products is to detect, isolate, characterize and identify these chemical substances. This paper reviews scientific works carried out on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Solanum incanum L. It was understood that various parts of this plant were traditionally used to treat various types of ailments. A study of literature reveals some notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as antimicrobial activity, antimalarial activity, the antinociceptive effects, antioxidative property, immunological effects and many more medicinal values. Various phytochemical analyses carried out on the plant also revealed the presence of vast array of phytocompounds which were medicinally important. There for this paper was reviewed and provided some of the up to date scientific works carried out on this important traditional medicinal plant.

Taxonomic studies on Solanum macrocarpon Linn. and Solanum incanum Linn.

Abstract: The present study investigated the comparative taxonomic properties of S. macrocarpon Linn. and S. incanum Linn. members of Solanaceae in the Niger Delta Tropics, Nigeria. They are used as vegetable and medicine. The plants are erect annual sub-wood, attain up to 120cm in height. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate and glabrous up to 18.5 ±5.0cm in length and 8 ± 3.0cm wide for S. macrocarpon Linn. while that for S. incanum Linn. is glabrous, obovate and cuneate base, acute apex and variegated shiny surface up to 27 ± 6cm in length and 15 ± 4.5cm wide with alternate phyllotaxy. The inflorescence has 4 to 6 flowers for S. macrocarpon Linn. but a panicle of 4 to 5 flowers for S. incanum Linn.. The petals are whitish up to 0.6cm in length and 0.3cm wide with greenish sepals for the former whereas the latter has very large flowers having violet coloured petals measuring 1.3 to 2.0cm in length and 0.3cm wide with long greenish sepals. The berry fruit is greenish when unripe and yellowish when ripe up to 4.5cm in diameter for the formerand darkish green up to 5.5cm in diameter for the latter. The epidermis revealed anisocytic stomata whereas the trichomes aresimple uniseriate and the flowers are axile in placentation. The anatomy of mid-ribs and petioles showed bicollateral vascular systems. There are 3 vascular traces at primary growth phases and node is unilacunar. At secondary growth phases, their mid-ribs and petioles revealed vascular arcs and the stems have rings of open vascular systems. The cytological studies showed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, combined anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides are present in both specieswhile free anthraquinones is absent only in Solanum macrocarpon Linn. and phlobatannin is absent in both species. Keywords: Morphological, Anatomical, Cytological, Phytochemical, Studies

Evaluation of anti – aphids properties of the aqueous crude fruit sap extract of Solanum incanum

Abstract: The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae is a worldwide aphid species which is responsible for important economic losses. Its feed on more than 50 plant families, causing great losses to agro industrial crops, vegetables, horticultural crops and stone fruits and it is presently categorized as one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide. Conventional insecticides used for aphids control are expensive and arguably associated with various severe adverse side effects hence the need to develop botanical pesticides that are effective as alternative. Solanum incanum is a perennial, wild shrub like herb that belongs to family Solanaceae, which grows in many regions of Africa, Middle East and Far East Asia. Though S. incanum fruits sap has been used by the local farmers to control aphids, review of the literature show no scientifically investigated report of its effectiveness and the mode of its insecticidal action. This study was therefore designed to evaluate anti-aphids properties of crude fruit sap extract of S. incanum and its possible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in green peach aphids. A total of 180 kales plants were planted in the Plant Transformation Laboratory of Kenyatta University. They were divided into six groups with 10 plants each. Each group was subjected to routine spray with 10, 25, 50 and 75% S. incanum extract. Group five was sprayed with dimethoate and the last group was sprayed with water. The number of live and dead aphids was counted with the help of hand lens for two weeks after every spray in each group with an interval of one day to determine the deterrent and insecticidal activity. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was determined using Ellman method. The S. incanum extracts at different concentrations tested showed insecticidal and deterrent activities against green peach aphids. The extract also inhibited the acetylcholinesterase of the green peach aphids at a dose dependent manner and IC50 of 49.9 was calculated. Further, phytochemical screening results showed that the crude fruits sap extract of S. incanum have phytochemicals associated with insecticidal and deterrent activity. The study has established that the crude fruits sap extract of S. incanum are effective in managing insects‟ pest.

Morphological characters, occurrence and distribution among members of the family Solanaceae in parts of the Niger Delta Ecological Zone

Abstract: This study investigated a comparative micro-morphological features of 14 species in the family Solanaceae, using trichome and stomatal complements in delimitation of species and genera within the taxon, family. The genus Solanum L. is the largest among the genera in Solanaceae. Solanum aethiopicum Linn. Solanum macrocarpon Linn. Solanum torvum Swartz. Solanum anomalum Thonn. Solanum erianthum D. Don, are covered with stellate trichomes. While Solanum nigrum Linn., Solanum lycopersicum Linn., Solanum incanum Linn., Datura spp., Schwenckia spp., Capsicum spp., Physalis spp. have simple uniseriate trichomes. S. aethiopicum Linn. S. torvum Swartz. S. lycopersicum Linn, and Physalis micrantha Linn, revealed higher trichome indices. In most species, these trichomes are not visibly observed with the naked eyes. While in some others such as in S. torvum and S. lycopersicum the trichomes are observable on the plants. Glandular hairs are also present in Solanaceae. Stomata is amphistomatic, types commonly observed are: anisocytic and anomocytic, while paracytic and tetracytic stomata are sometimes revealed in stem epidermis in Solanaceae. The usefulness of trichome and stomatal complements in species and generic taxa are recommended as pertinent characters for classification in Solanaceae and their density may vary from one ecological zone to another. Keywords: Solanaceae, Solanum , Stomata, trichomes, Complements, Comparative