Showing papers on "Sport psychology published in 1994"
Journal Article•
207 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the psychological description of the sports career, including the history of the topic in Russian sport psychology before and during perestroika, two theoretical models of t...
Abstract: This article deals with the psychological description of the sports career, including the history of the topic in Russian sport psychology before and during perestroika, two theoretical models of t ...
191 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that negative self-talk was associated with losing and that players who reported believing in the utility of self talk won more points than players who did not, suggesting that selftalk influences competitive sport outcomes.
Abstract: In sport psychology, there is broad interest in cognitive factors that affect sport performance. The purpose of this research was to examine one such factor, self-talk, in competitive sport performance. Twenty-four junior tennis players were observed during tournament matches. Their observable self-talk, gestures, and match scores were recorded. Players also described their positive, negative, and other thoughts on a postmatch questionnaire. A descriptive analysis of the self-talk and gestures that occurred during competition was generated. It was found that negative self-talk was associated with losing and that players who reported believing in the utility of self-talk won more points than players who did not. These results suggest that self-talk influences competitive sport outcomes. The importance of "believing" in self-talk and the potential motivational and detrimental effects of negative self-talk on performance are discussed.
177 citations
Journal Article•
144 citations
135 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the effectiveness of sport psychology interventions is supported in the literature and future directions for sport psychology are suggested, including a science-practice integration, the use of idiographic assessment methods, and the contextualization of interventions within the unique environment of sport.
Abstract: The prospect of human psycho-behavioral change has fueled the development and growth of applied sport psychology and psychological intervention with athletes. The purpose of this review is to examine the current status of sport psychology interventions and identify issues related to psychological intervention in sport. The development of sport psychology in North America is overviewed and issues arising from the emergence of applied sport psychology are identified. Sport psychology intervention research is reviewed and it is concluded that the effectiveness of sport psychology interventions is supported in the literature. Problems in intervention research are identified and future directions for sport psychology are suggested. These suggestions include a science-practice integration, the use of idiographic assessment methods, the identification and control of moderator variables, and the contextualization of interventions within the unique environment of sport.
119 citations
TL;DR: It was found that 38 of the 45 studies examined (85%) had found positive performance effects, although causality could only be inferred in 20 of these studies, and methodological shortcomings limit the application of the findings.
Abstract: The use of psychological interventions in competitive sport to enhance performance has become increasingly popular. However, the effectiveness of these interventions has been questioned by some sports psychologists. In general, educationally-based psychological interventions have produced significant increases in performance. Specifically, it was found that 38 of the 45 studies examined (85%) had found positive performance effects, although causality could only be inferred in 20 of these studies. These interventions could be classified as relaxation-based, cognitive, cognitive-behavioural or behavioural in nature. Although general support was provided for the effectiveness of psychological interventions in competitive sports, a number of methodological shortcomings limit the application of the findings. For example, future intervention research in competitive sport should employ more detailed manipulation checks, include follow-up assessments beyond a mere post-test, include placebo-control groups to control for expectancy effects and include more diverse samples. In addition to the empirical intervention research, recent research employing qualitative methodologies has greatly added to our understanding of the types of interventions and what type of sport psychology consultants most positively affect performance enhancement, as well as the personal growth of athletes. Continued quantitative and qualitative research needs to be conducted so that a better understanding is gained of how to conduct psychological interventions with athletes that will enhance performance as well as personal growth.
100 citations
Book•
24 Aug 1994
TL;DR: The "Women and sport: Interdisciplinary Perspectives" as discussed by the authors is the most comprehensive study to date on the past, present, and future of women and sport from historical, biomedical, psychological, and sociological perspectives.
Abstract: This provocative text--the product of more than 10 years of instruction and research--is the most comprehensive study to date on the past, present, and future of women and sport. An ideal textbook for upper division undergraduate and graduate students as well as a timely reference for scholars and researchers, "Women and Sport: Interdisciplinary Perspectives" sets the record straight about the women's sport experience. More than 20 expert contributors examine, analyze, and synthesize the issues surrounding women and sport from historical, biomedical, psychological, and sociological perspectives. Part I discusses the historical and cultural foundations of women's sport from ancient times to the modern era, as seen through the eyes of the participants and general public. Part II examines biomedical considerations, touching on such topics as body composition, cardiovascular fitness, gender differences in muscular strength, exercise-induced amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Part III analyzes the psychosocial dimensions of women's sport, including sociocultural, political, and economic factors that have led to changes for women in sport and reviews the oppression historically experienced by women and men in sport. Although the book is designed primarily as a text for upper division undergraduate and graduate courses in women's sport studies, the comprehensive nature of "Women and Sport: Interdisciplinary Perspectives" makes it equally appropriate for sport sociology, sport history, general women's studies, and gender-oriented psychology, sociology, and anthropology classes. In addition, female sport participants who want to know more about how their own sporting heritage has been influenced by social, psychological, and biomedical factors will find the book valuable.
88 citations
TL;DR: Thirty-seven British and international sport psychologists were asked to nominate performance-related issues that they considered to be priorities for research over the next 5-10 years, and every attempt was made to offer sufficient evidence to provide a clear rationale for each research issue.
Abstract: Thirty‐seven British and international sport psychologists were asked to nominate performance‐related issues that they considered to be priorities for research over the next 5–10 years. Their responses were subjectively categorized into seven different domains of sport psychology: motivational issues in performance; aspects of skill acquisition and motor control that might influence the attainment of excellence; stress and performance; interpersonal issues and group dynamics; the implications for well‐being of the pursuit of excellence; psychological skills training; and the role of the sport psychologist. Each of these domains was then reviewed in order to confirm the research issues that had been nominated and identify any other outstanding issues that had not been nominated. Although it was not possible to provide detailed literature reviews because of page restrictions, every attempt was made to offer sufficient evidence to provide a clear rationale for each research issue, and enable the interested r...
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the psychological perspective (or perspectives) on stress and focus on conceptual models or frameworks that guide sport and exercise psychology work on stress, leaving the details of the research findings and implications to the later papers.
Abstract: My purpose is to introduce the psychological perspective (or perspectives) on stress. In doing so, I will focus on conceptual models or frameworks that guide sport and exercise psychology work on stress, leaving the details of the research findings and implications to the later papers (Berger, 1994; Dishman, 1994; Wrisberg, 1994). Rather than detailed research, this paper presents a framework or context for those subsequent papers.
Book•
[...]
28 Feb 1994
TL;DR: Kremer and Scully as mentioned in this paper present a new and refreshing look at the most recent sport psychology literature, presenting this information in a way which will be immediately recognisable to students of psychology.
Abstract: Psychology in Sport aims to bring sport psychology closer to the heart of mainstream psychology. John Kremer and Deirdre Scully take a new and refreshing look at the most recent sport psychology literature, presenting this information in a way which will be immediately recognisable to students of psychology. Written in a clear and engrossing style, this new approach to Psychology in sport will be of immediate relevance to courses on introductory, applied and sport psychology, as well as providing a valuable reference source for general psychological material pertaining to sport and exercise.
TL;DR: In this article, an attempt is made to synthesize the relevant knowledge with regard to sleep and athletic performance, with recommendations for future research that address the unique demands of athletes are presented.
Abstract: Sleep is generally regarded important for maintaining one’s physical and psychological well-being. For the competitive athlete, many factors may negatively impact on his or her sleep, possibly resulting in compromised athletic performance. These factors include alterations in diet, changes in ambient temperature and/or altitude, traveling across time zones, and anxiety. In this article, an attempt is made to synthesize the relevant knowledge with regard to sleep and athletic performance. Sleep and performance are highly individual specific, with many interdependent factors influencing the expression of both variables. Recommendations for future research that addresses the unique demands of athletes are presented.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of all articles published in TSP from 1987 to 1992 was conducted to identify significant trends in knowledge development and implementation since the journal was established by The Sport Psychologist (TSP) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The editorial mission of The Sport Psychologist (TSP) emphasizes the development and implementation of knowledge to enhance the practice of sport psychology. A comprehensive review of all articles published in TSP from 1987 to 1992 was conducted to identify significant trends in knowledge development and implementation since the journal was established. One hundred seventy-six articles were examined and classified based on design, method, objective (scientific or professional), subject characteristics, author characteristics, and content area. Trends that were identified from the review include an emphasis on correlational designs, an increase in intervention studies and the use of case designs, and homogeneity of subjects and authors. Three future directions for advances in applied sport psychology are advocated to increase social relevance, enhance creativity, and reconceptualize the traditional paradigm of knowledge development.
TL;DR: The application of a feminist perspective to sport psychology practice requires an awareness of relevant gender scholarship and valuing of the female perspective, a shift in focus from the personal to the social, and an egalitarian, process-oriented approach as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The feminist paradigm has been advocated as an appropriate alternative framework for sport psychology theory and research. The current paper extends the feminist perspective to sport psychology practice, particularly to educational consultation. Application of a feminist perspective to sport psychology practice requires (a) an awareness of relevant gender scholarship and valuing of the female perspective, (b) a shift in focus from the personal to the social, and (c) an egalitarian, process-oriented approach. Applying the feminist perspective implies not only an awareness of relevant sport psychology scholarship but also a commitment to action to educate and empower sport participants.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, performance, stress, and health: Overall Reaction, Performance, Stress, and Health: overall reaction, Vol. 46, No. 27, The Academy Papers No.
Abstract: (1994). Performance, Stress, and Health: Overall Reaction. Quest: Vol. 46, The Academy Papers No. 27. Physical Activity and Stress, pp. 123-135.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that most of the questionable ethical practices cited by respondents corresponded to violations of the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Standards and suggest the need for ethics training specific to applied sport psychology.
Abstract: AAASP members (N = 508) were surveyed to obtain preliminary data on ethical beliefs and behaviors specific to the practice of applied sport psychology. Completed surveys were received from 165 individuals. On the structured response portion of the survey, there were few differences in ethical beliefs and behaviors as a function of gender, professional/student status, and academic discipline. Nevertheless, a large number of controversial behaviors (N = 24) and difficult judgments (N = 8) were identified. Results of the open-ended portion of the survey indicated that most of the questionable ethical practices cited by respondents corresponded to violations of American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Standards. The findings lend initial support for AAASP to adopt the APA Ethical Standards and suggest the need for ethics training specific to applied sport psychology.
TL;DR: In this paper, a reexamination of the knowledge base, with particular attention to the experiences of females, is needed, and a brief critique of logical positivism is provided, showing how they can enhance knowledge in sport psychology.
Abstract: Martens (1987) and Dewar and Horn (1992) expressed the need for accepting diverse epistemological perspectives in sport psychology. This paper proposes feminism as an alternative approach to sport psychology research. Feminism grew out of dissatisfaction with “science-as-usual” that often overlooks the experiences of females and acknowledges that sport behavior does not occur in a value-free vacuum; male and female athletes are exposed to very different situations and experiences in sport. A reexamination of the knowledge base, with particular attention to the experiences of females, is needed. Because discontentment with logical positivism has led researchers in a variety of fields to adopt a feminist perspective, a brief critique of logical positivism is provided. A feminist paradigm and feminist methodologies are described, showing how they can enhance knowledge in sport psychology. Finally, examples of feminist inquiry in sport psychology are provided.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe and appraise two different models used for providing sport psychology support services to the British Amateur Gymnastics Association over the last 6 years, including the traditional role of experts who evaluated performers' needs and then prescribed educational psychological skills training programs according to the sport psychologists' perceptions of individual needs, and a consultancy approach in which the coach, performer, and sport psychologist were all assumed to bring expert knowledge to bear on any problem.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe and appraise two different models used for providing sport psychology support services to the British Amateur Gymnastics Association over the last 6 years. In the first phase, the sport psychologists assumed the traditional role of experts who evaluated performers’ needs and then prescribed educational psychological skills training programs according to the sport psychologists’ perceptions of individual needs. This approach contained both educational and monitoring elements. The second phase adopted a consultancy approach in which the coach, performer, and sport psychologist were all assumed to bring expert knowledge to bear on any problem. In this approach, the sport psychologists responded to the expressed needs of performers and coaches, assuming diverse roles. According to the sport psychologists, this second model was more difficult to operate than the first model. However, consultant evaluation data and consultant opinion suggested the second model operated more ...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the sport psychology supervisory skills inventory (SPSSI) was sent out to 201 potential applied sport psychology supervisors and 416 student members of AAASP, who were asked to rate their supervisors.
Abstract: To assess the supervisory skills of sport psychologists who are training future practitioners, the Sport Psychology Supervisory Skills Inventory (SPSSI) was mailed to 201 potential applied sport psychology supervisors. Supervisors were associated with graduate programs that offered applied sport psychology practica and/or internships, as identified in the Directory of Graduate Programs in Applied Sport Psychology (Sachs, Burke, & Salitsky, 1992). Supervisors rated themselves on 41 supervisory skills. The SPSSI was also mailed to 416 student members of AAASP, who were asked to rate their supervisors. There was a 35% return rate from supervisors and a 45% return rate from students. The findings suggest that supervised experience with athletes is limited for both supervisors and graduate students.
TL;DR: According to Scanlan, sport psychology is not for the faint hearted as discussed by the authors, and she advises prospective sport psychologists to seriously assess the strength of their pioneer spirit and make sure that they can handle the challenges, risks, and ambiguities.
Abstract: According to Scanlan, sport psychology is not for the faint hearted. She advises prospective sport psychologists to seriously assess the strength of their “pioneering spirit.” Sport psychologists, Scanlan continues, often have to travel uncharted routes, and they should make sure that they can handle the challenges, risks, and ambiguities. (Straub & Hinman, 1992, p. 307)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate how research in sport psychology can be enhanced by combining nomothetic and idiographic procedures by comparing a profile of situational threat perceptions based upon the responses of 46 ice hockey players (reported by Dunn & Nielsen, 1993) with the perceptual profiles of three individual ice hockey player.
Abstract: Traditionally, nomothetic and idiographic methodologies have been viewed as antithetical. This dichotomous perspective has caused many researchers to advocate the benefits associated with only one of the two approaches. Such a biased view hinders the acquisition of knowledge in the sport psychology field because the potential benefits that the nonfavored approach can offer are frequently overlooked. The present study demonstrates how research in sport psychology can be enhanced by combining nomothetic and idiographic procedures. This combined approach provides the researcher with the opportunity to validate nomothetic principles at the individual level, while simultaneously generating nomothetic hypotheses from idiographic analyses. To illustrate these points, a nomothetic profile of situational threat perceptions based upon the responses of 46 ice hockey players (reported by Dunn & Nielsen, 1993) is compared with the perceptual profiles of three individual ice hockey players. The comparisons show many un...
TL;DR: In the applied sport psychology literature, there has been discussion of the importance of referring clients to the appropriate expert when circumstances warrant as mentioned in this paper, and the recognition and referral of athletes with personality and mood disorders.
Abstract: In the applied sport psychology literature, there has been discussion of the importance of referring clients to the appropriate expert when circumstances warrant. The present paper addresses the recognition and referral of athletes with personality and mood disorders. This paper describes some of these disorders as they may appear in athletes, along with key recognition signs, diagnostic criteria, case examples, and guidelines for referral. Careful training of sport psychology consultants in the recognition and referral of athletes with psychopathology will help expand and improve the quality of service delivered to clients.