Showing papers on "Sustenance published in 2005"

A history of literary criticism

Abstract: This book to look over the history of literary criticism, a journey about to undertake, is not only to revisit some of the profoundest source of our identity but also to renew our connection with some of the deepest resources of our present and future sustenance.

Employee Retention Factors For South African Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study

Abstract: The success of the most competitive companies throughout the world, including higher education institutions, lies in their highly skilled employees on which these institutions spend millions to retain. Literature reveals the cost of losing best employees to be enormous – beyond monetary quantification. Also worth noting is that the loss of one competent employee to a competitor institution strengthens the competitor’s advantage. This case study analysed human resources turnover data, and interviewed academic managers and employees in order to examine the possible employee retention factors for a higher education institution in South Africa. The findings reveal different institutional interests between institutional managers and employees. The former are concerned more about profits, business sustenance and justification for spending, while the latter are driven by introverted interests such as development, monetary rewards and personal fulfilment.

Local Government and Health Care Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study

Abstract: This paper seeks to highlight the recent activities of local government in health care delivery. The literature review reveals the interconnectedness between local government and the sustenance of ...

From The Muqaddimah

Abstract: The following sections are included:Human Civilization in GeneralWith Regard to the Amount of Prosperity and Business Activity in Them, Cities and Towns Differ in Accordance with the Different Size of Their Civilization (Population)Prices in TownsThe Real Meaning and Explanation of Sustenance and Profit. Profit Is the Value Realized from Human LaborThe Crafts Require TeachersThe Crafts Are Perfected Only If There Exists a Large and Perfect Sedentary CivilizationCrafts Can Improve and Increase Only When Many People Demand Them

Darwinian Happiness: Can the Evolutionary Perspective on Well-Being Help us Improve Society?

Abstract: The concept of Darwinian Happiness was coined to help people take advantage of knowledge on how evolution has shaped the brain; as processes within this organ are the main contributors to well-being. Fortuitously, the concept has implications that may prove beneficial for society: Compassionate behavior offers more in terms of Darwinian Happiness than malicious behavior; and the probability of obtaining sustainable development may be improved by pointing out that consumption beyond sustenance is not important for well-being. It is difficult to motivate people to act against their own best interests. Darwinian Happiness offers a concept that, to some extent, combines the interests of the individual with the interests of society.

Rethinking the contribution of indigenous management in small-scale water provision among selected rural communities in Cameroon

Abstract: This paper describes the pro-active role of rural communities in negotiating livelihood and sustenance through the improvement of some of their local water sources. It discusses the strategies put in place to ensure the availability of water, one of the world’s scarcest natural resources. Despite some external assistance, local communities are increasingly shouldering the responsibility of ensuring the availability of water through self-reliant efforts. These attempts are being undermined by a high incidence of waterborne and water-related diseases, which are impacting on health, and hygiene and other health care delivery systems. The management of potable water is proving to be a herculean task for most communities after the departure of funding partners. To guarantee the proper maintenance of pipe borne water schemes, communities are rethinking their strategies as they grapple with difficulties to put in place viable techniques for sustainability of water supply schemes.

Feeding Behaviour of Infants and Young Children and Its Impact on Child Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Abstract: Introduction Feeding is a primary event in the life of an infant and young child. It is the focus of attention for parents and other caregivers, and a source of social interaction through verbal and non-verbal communication. The eating experience provides not only sustenance but also an opportunity for learning. It affects not only children’s physical growth and health but also their psychosocial and emotional development. The feeding relationship is affected by culture, health status and temperament.

Universal Service Policy in China: Building Digital Bridge for Rural Community

Abstract: After seizure of power in 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) painted a blueprint with its people, pledging a life of "upstairs and downstairs; electric lights and telephones" in the near future. More than half a century later, the Chinese telecommunications industry has now witnessed a rapid expansion and growth, particularly since deregulation in 1994. This has resulted in even broadened digital divides between varied groups, particularly between residents in urban and rural areas. In urban areas, the blueprint has been actualized to certain degree. However, in many rural areas, especially those in the "old, ethnic, remote, and deprived" areas, people are still struggling for sustenance, and telephone is still a luxury to dream of. This paper examines dilemmas and practical issues faced by the Chinese government in its effort to implementing universal service obligations (USOs) and takes a systemic look at a series of policy issues regarding the objectives, definition of services, choice of technology, support mechanisms, government's role, and regulatory governance.

Building Healthy Cities

Abstract: A city is a human construct par excellence because the “natural world” does not provide urban or domestic space. Cities and all their buildings and services must be conceptualized before they are constructed (Lawrence, 1995). The foundation and the construction of cities implies that geographical space and environmental resources are cultivated by people to serve their daily basic requirements and sustain human societies over time. Human sustenance is dependant on the availability of basic resources and the quality of living conditions both within and beyond the geographical boundaries of cities (Boyden, 1987). The construction of cities can be interpreted in relation to those collective decisions, lifestyles and adaptive responses that individuals and groups make in relation to the local environmental conditions of their habitat, their available resources and knowledge. Traditionally, shared lifestyles, conventions, and meanings about the ordering of society have also been used implicitly and explicitly in the construction of cities (Lawrence, 2000a). The historical development of specific cities has been widely documented and clearly shows that sustaining health in cities is not straightforward. During the last 8 or 9 millennia many cities have flourished, whereas others have struggled for survival and some have collapsed (Bairoch, 1988). Today, Alexandria, Delos, Jericho, Ur and Venice still exist but only as fragments of ancient civilizations and seats of authority that previously had jurisdiction over vast geographical regions extending far beyond the boundaries of these cities. These examples of the prosperity and decline of cities illustrate that the sustenance of human settlements should not be taken for granted. Data, statistics, and reports of events in many cities around the world highlight a range of contemporary problems (Hardoy, et al., 1994; Lawrence, 2000b). These problems include environmental conditions; for example, an increasing incidence of summer and winter smog, which can affect health as discussed by Schwela (2000). They also include social inequalities and economic deprivation that lead to

A Stylistic Study of “Sustenance of Democracy” by Nigeria’s President Olusegun Obasanjo

Abstract: This paper examines the linguistic features that are manifested in the broadcast to the nation by Nigeria’s President Olusegun Obasanjo on 25th August, 2002 entitled “Sustenance of Democracy”. It w...

Moving around: some aspects of the psychology of transport

Abstract: Why do we move around at all? Because we can, because we have to, because we like to is the simplest formulation dividing out the different kinds of motive forces driving travel behaviours and transport choices. All life forms move, even if only to orient daily towards the sun while remaining rooted in the earth. Animal life typically requires movement for sustenance, shelter and mate selection to enhance individual and species survival.

Promoting Indigenous Culture and Community Life in Nigeria Through the Mass Media

Abstract: The way and manner the morals and cultures of the typical Nigerian community is promoted depend solely on its mass media. These mass media are responsible for the dissemination of values ideas and developmental information in many ways and this goes a long way in elevating cultures and community life. In the Nigerian society cultures are very important and they are held in great reverence. Culture is the way of life and the belief system of a particular group of people at a particular time. This work aims at re-appraising and reinforcing the significance and value of Nigerian indigenous culture and morals in the framework of their positive contributions to the growth and development of the country in the past and present as well as their continued relevance to the promotion and preservation of the Nigerian psyche and the role the media can play in ensuring their sustenance. (authors)

The Agricultural Field - From Sustenance To Development

Abstract: The present paper highlight one of the most important problems which Romania have to face in the context of accession process to the European Union, this difficult problem is the Romanian agriculture Simultaneously, there were highlighted the principal directions that must be followed so that we derive maximum advantage from accession

The Mass Media And The Sustenance Of Collective Identifications In Africa.

Abstract: The initial, post-independence attempt to unite the three East African countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania floundered in the wake of ideological differences by the political leadership in the three countries. Before its demise, the East African Community (EAC), as it was called, had been looked upon by the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, as an example of how to unite. However, the idea of one East Africa survived and in 1993, cooperation between the three countries was again revived. Today, the three East African countries are discussing the possibility of a political federation. Using an eclectic admixture of media discourse analysis and historical analysis, this essay examines the role of the mass media in sustaining the idea of one East Africa at a time when regional integration was absent. My research focused on editorials and opinion articles published in a section of the local media between 1977 and 1993, and examines how rhetorical and literary devices in media discourse were used to keep the idea of one East Africa alive, and to agitate for increased cooperation.

Maintenance of traditional occupation: A case from the Telugu speaking Artisan community in the islands.

Abstract: The so-called traditional crafts/handicrafts are one of the sources of livelihood for the millions of rural and tribal people even in the era of globalization. Though agriculture contributes major share in Indian economy these crafts supports human subsistence on secondary basis. Due to the advent of industrial revolution these handicrafts struggle to exist with the foray of so many polymer and metal made consumer products. It is observed that the occupational diversity shift from traditional to modern varieties of basketry is contributing immensely for the sustenance of this craft. The present study envisages the process of adaptation of the Medar community in an Island situation which is entirely new from their rural set up. (authors)

Trade, openness and domestic conflict: an empirical investigation for latin America

Abstract: This paper explores whether there is an empirical relationship between trade, openness and domestic conflict for Latin America based on the analytical framework of Garfinkel, Skaperdas and Syropoulos (2004). Using ordinal regressions and Markov switching models for seventeen countries, we identify the factors responsible for the initiation and sustenance of domestic conflict. Our overall results suggest that: (i) increased trade openness reduces domestic conflict intensities but (ii) over dependence on agricultural exports, along with poor socio-political performance, lead to sustenance of low intensity conflicts. We also analyze conflict duration using proportional hazard models and find that over-reliance on agricultural exports plays the main role in conflict sustenance after controlling for socio-political factors.

Nutraceuticals and functional foods: II. Current international regulatory status

Abstract: Introduction Our ancestors consumed plant materials and animal products to live. As civilization progressed there were realizations that for sustenance of life and good health food should be composed of proper amounts of carbohydrate, protein, lipids and minerals. Carbohydrates provide the needed calories, while protein supplies the essential amino acids the body needs but cannot produce. Similarly, human body is also in need of certain mineral nutrients for body structure as well survival; for example calcium is needed for maintaining a healthy bone density especially in elderly women. Vitamins, on the other hand, are essential and for protection from common diseases such as scurvy, anemia, and ricket. Over the years, studies have established the minimum requirements for different components of foods for sustenance and good health. The start of the twentieth century saw concerted efforts by developing countries to provide wholesome and nutritious foods for their citizens as well as global consumers through advances in the agricultural production and processing. Advances in pharmaceutical discipline were responsible for treatment and prevention of diseases. To the consumers of developed countries requirements for sustenance and good health needs were met at reasonable costs through advances in agricultural and health sciences. This freed them for travel outside their hemisphere in large numbers and observing about the eating habits of other cultures and their impact on health. It also became clear during this period of growth that the population in developed countries had higher proportions of certain chronic diseases than those who do not have easy access to such abundant supply of processed foods. There has been strong realization by consumers and the policy makers that nutrition has direct link to maintenance of good health, and diet needs to be improved for healthy lifestyle and prevention of some chronic diseases. Although foods were available at affordable costs, the abundance and their easy access created health problems and consequently increasing health care costs. The five major diet-related diseases in the developed world include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity, diabetes and strokes. Studies have associated dietary factors or secondary lifestyle with between one-fifth and one-third of cardiovascular deaths, 20-60% of fatal cancers, 50-80% of diabetes mellitus cases and 30% diabetes deaths 1. A product, regardless of its origin, which claims to provide health benefits (prevention, treatment included) is currently classified as drugs (medicines) in many developed countries. However, in last two decades large epidemiological studies have correlated the health benefits of certain minor constituents in our daily diets, even though they are non-essential for survival. It is a fact that globally the health care cost is increasing and people are living longer. Longevity mandates prevention of chronic diseases and maintenance of healthier lifestyle. There are many products that have been derived from natural sources and are being marketed as health promoter. Consumers, based on their own research and knowledge, are using these supplements as complementary medicine and for therapy. Regulatory agencies are caught between the lack of explicit guidelines and consumers demand for availability of such compounds with full approval for safety of such products. Regulatory agencies worldwide have taken notice of such demands for two reasons to reduce health care costs as well to protect consumers from unsafe products. For example, health care cost in the US in 1999 was about 1.2 trillion dollars 2. Countries have realized that status quo is not an option and have initiated reviews of their existing laws. Smith et al. 3 carried out a comparative analysis of regulatory framework for functional food development and commercialization in Japan, the European Union and Canada. Their conclusion was that Japan was the leader in developing regulations for commercialization of functional food with health claims. One of the major problems in developing regulations is the lack of a clear definition for functional foods. Most countries use a working definition, which differs considerably from country to country.

Ecocultural Adaptation of the Kadars of Kerala

Abstract: This article focuses on the ecocultural adaptation and socio-cultural status of a traditional hill dwelling tribe, Kadars, of Kerala. Subsistence activities and sustenance have become the major problems of the Kadars, when their traditional habitat became a Wildlife Sanctuary. The food gathering tribe was forced to change their subsistence activities without an alternative, which resulted in a complex situation wherein the Kadars resist to changes on one hand and on the other hand they face problems in finding out stable support for life and culture. From the etic point of view, the partial isolation is a major hurdle for adequate level of change of subsistence activities whereas from the emic view, the necessity for reinforcement of their traditional rights on forest and way for easy accessibility to the mainstream population for finding out current vocational opportunities are the primary concern of the Kadars.

US Imperialism and the Iraq War

Abstract: The occupation of Iraq and the political geography of US military bases are not different manifestations of a common project. The latter is a vital component of the long-term strategy of US imperialism, allied far more intimately with the needs and conditions of global capitalism. The Iraq occupation is the product of a more immediate and successful power grab by powerfully organised ideologues, drawing their sustenance from the most regressive elements of western political philosophy. Even as the Iraq project will be undone in the years to come, 'baseworld' will remain.

Lifestyle, diet & the consumer

Abstract: In historical terms, the twentieth century has seen substantial changes in the quality of human life These have manifested themselves in many ways, both in terms of lifestyle (eg personal wealth, health and life-expectancy; work-practices and leisure) as well as the character of the food supply Developments in food technology have usually been in response to scientific developments and/or changes in either lifestyle or the food supply Meeting the gastronomic needs of different lifestyles is not a new phenomenon After all, the sandwich was developed to provide sustenance for a sedentary eighteenth century gambler! Changes in the quality of life have also provided new challenges in terms of public health In many societies, the principal challenges to public health now concern chronic diseases and infirmities associated with old age Personal diet is a significant risk factor in many of these conditions In addition to changes at the level of the individual, public attitudes to their social responsibilities have also changed This has led to the development of substantial national budgets both for medical services and care of the elderly All of these developments have resulted in increasing pressure to provide frameworks within which the consumer can exercise the dietary choice to reduce their risk of illness Such frameworks place pressure on the innovative skills of the food industry to provide a diverse range of foods compatible with the consumers' lifestyles and which enable appropriate personal choice to be made for a healthy diet

Developing a Matrix to Ensure Diversity of Field-Based Experiences

Abstract: Requiring field-based experiences in diverse settings is a special challenge in alternative programs. A matrix developed to ensure diversity of field-based experiences enhances the preparation and sustenance of quality professionals.

The Political Life of Nature

Abstract: century in provocative ways. The subject matters are recognizable under the rubric of cultural studies: attention to the politics of representation, questions about the reproduction of power, and an interest in public debates and contestations over identity. By extension, the role of the media in everyday life and the production of common sense remind one of the invigorating and enduring debates over the meaning of ideology, particularly those early discussions that drew sustenance from the ideas of Antonio Gramsci