Showing papers on "Territoriality published in 2001"

Behavioral ecology of tropical birds

Abstract: Preface. Why are Tropical Birds Interesting? Breeding Seasons. Life History Traits. Mating Systems. Territoriality. Communication. Biotic Interactions. References. Index.

Correlation between male size and territory quality: consequence of male competition or predation susceptibility?

Abstract: Territory characteristics correlate with male characteristics in several species. This can result from male competition for the best territories, or from males varying in their ability to pay other costs of territoriality, such as predation risk costs. In a population of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, we found the biggest males to defend the biggest territories with a low structural complexity and a high female encounter rate. By experimentally manipulating competition intensity and habitat structure, we show that both male competition and predation exposure influenced the distribution of territories among males. Males increased the size of their territory when a neighbouring male was removed, whereas they reduced their territory when habitat complexity and cover from predators were reduced, with large males reducing their territory size less than smaller males. This suggests that large males occupy large, open territories both because of their superior competitive ability and because of their either lower predation susceptibility or higher risk-taking. Large, open territories were beneficial in mate attraction and male competition and predation exposure therefore biased mating opportunities towards large males. This suggests that cost of territoriality to males may reduce mate choice costs to females by securing that large males are encountered more often than small males, and by providing an additional cue, territory quality, which indicates which males are worth inspecting.

Dossier: State territoriality - the territoriality of European integration and the territorial features of the European Union: the first 50 years

Abstract: The European Union is generally presented as the most elaborated institutional form of integration ever achieved between democratic states. What the European Union really is or should be is, however, a much debated issue: a (federal) state in formation? or a new form of political governance, very much different from the modern state? Assuming that the later is describing the reality more adequately than the former, this paper explores the territoriality of European integration since the end of the Second World War, in which aftermath Western European states have embarked into the process of peaceful integration. It aims at discussing the specific territoriality of the supranational framework in which Member States partake. To emphasise differences and similarities with modern states, territoriality will be addressed through three main aspects: the territorial dimension of the integration process (e.g. the evolution of the territory under jurisdiction of the supranational authority), the territorial expression of integration in political landscapes typically linked to state territoriality: borders and capital cities.

Territoriality and male reproductive success in arctic ground squirrels

Abstract: Although territorial defense is a common form of reproductive competition among male vertebrates, the exact reproductive consequences of this behavior are often poorly understood. To explore relationships between territoriality and reproductive success in a nongroup-living mammal, we quantified patterns of space use, mating success, and fertilization success for males in a free-living population of arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Because litters of this species are sired almost exclusively by a female’s first mate, we predicted that territory ownership would be associated with first access to estrous females. During the 2-week period when mating occurred, each male in the study population attempted to defend a distinct portion of the habitat, although the success of this defense varied among individuals. Twenty-six of 28 females monitored mated with the male on whose territory they resided. However, the majority of females observed throughout estrus (65%; n 20) also mated with at least one other male, indicating that territory ownership was not associated with exclusive access to females. In contrast, territory ownership was significantly associated with first access to estrous females; 20 (71.4%) of 28 females mated first with the male on whose territory they resided. In this regard, the behavior of S. parryii plesius parallels that of socially monogamous birds in which territorial defense by males functions to deter extrapair copulations by females. Although territorial defense represents an important component of male reproductive success in arctic ground squirrels, other aspects of male behavior (e.g., the ability to dominate agonistic interactions on the day of a female’s estrus) are also critical. We suggest that future studies of vertebrate mating systems will benefit by viewing such defense as only one of multiple axes along which conspecific males compete for access to females.

Maternal territoriality as an offspring defense strategy in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard)

Abstract: The offspring-defense hypothesis of maternal territoriality in solitary and semisocial mammals [Wolff JO and Peterson JA. 1998. Ethol Ecol Evol 10:227–239] was evaluated in another taxon using maternal and nonmaternal female red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), a freshwater decapod crustacean that shows pronounced shelter-related maternal aggression. The maternal females were of three different categories: (1) ovigerous, (2) carrying primarily stage 1 offspring, or (3) tending offspring that were primarily stage 2. Each female was in residence in an individual aquarium containing only a gravel substrate for 24 hr prior to serial intrusions by male conspecifics. Virtually all of the residents, maternal and nonmaternal, excavated a depression (shelter) in the substrate prior to the first intrusion. The results showed that residents in each of the maternal categories won a significantly higher proportion of their encounters than did the nonmaternal residents, which showed only negligible defense and lost every encounter. However, there were no significant differences in encounter outcomes between the maternal resident categories. There was clear defense of the shelter by maternal females, with virtually all fighting being in or around it, thus demonstrating stable, heightened territorial defense throughout these maternal phases of reproduction. This support of the offspring-defense hypothesis of maternal territoriality is the first such evidence for a freshwater crustacean and is very similar to that recently reported in a related marine decapod, the American lobster (H. americanus). Aggr. Behav. 27:391–403, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Mate acquisition in the European blackbird and its implications for sexual strategies

Abstract: Female European blackbirds, Turdus merula have been shown to engage in mixed reproductive strategies and females do not seem to gain any material benefit from their extra-pair copulation behaviour. To test the hypothesis that such behaviour arises out of constraint on their choice of social mate, I investigate if and how these females are constrained in their choice at mate acquisition. I recorded patterns of territorial distribution and interactions between resident birds both before pairing and during the breeding season. Patterns of observed behaviour agreed with earlier descriptions of winter and breeding territoriality and provided clues to the underlying mechanism of mate acquisition. I conclude that the constraint on breeding success imposed by high nest predation promotes intrasexual competition for high quality nesting habitat between females prior to pair formation. Female distribution promotes intrasexual competition between males for territorial area overlapping females or for habitat likely t...

Territoriality, Symbolism and the Challenge

Abstract: During this last decade, the nationalistic con ict in Northern Ireland has reached a new level. The multiparty negotiations at the political level and the ceaseŽ res on both sides have enabled a  ow of communication between the two communities which previously was almost non-existent. Nonetheless, the road from an intense armed con ict to the negotiation table has not been easy. Many compromises have been made along the way and often the whole process has teetered near collapse. Although progress has been made at the political level as well as at a local everyday level, overoptimism about the scale of the reforms and effectiveness would not be beneŽ cial. Arguably, segregation and even sectarianism have remained Ž rmly rooted within the communities. Territoriality and categorical “politics of place” are still intrinsically a part of community practices on both sides. Through territorial restrictions and boundary construction, the local turf is controlled and simultaneously transformed into a safe haven for those considered part of the community. In making the invisible demarcation lines between the two communities more communicable, many symbols are used. The nationalistic symbols are embedded, especially, in many places in the urban space of Northern Ireland. Painted curbstones, murals, political grafŽ ti and Gaelic street signs are just a few ways that nationalistic thinking are made visible and simultaneously transferred by socialization processes to future generations. Banal nationalism characterizes the con ict; “banal” symbols and practices create “togetherness” within a community but also differences between “us” and “them.” Too often we see the Northern Irish situation only as a confrontation between the two homogeneously organized blocks of Catholics and Protestants. This oversimpliŽ es the situation, and instead we should better appreciate the differences within the communities. Since the early outburst of the Northern Irish con ict, which we can trace as far back as the sixteenth century, the confrontation has always focused on questions of land, territory and power. Later, however, other issues have entered the circle of con ict, such as discrimination, social and cultural inequality and especially the role of politics and loyalty. Herein, we will discuss the historical and geographical trap of bounded spaces in Northern Ireland and the challenge it has confronted during the peace process. Most of the reforms following the Belfast Agreement have had a deep-running in uence on the experiences of personal and collective safety and on the territorially organized structures of the communities. Politically, it might seem convenient to implement all the peace process reforms as soon as possible. Realistically, it is not hard to understand why there has been a delay. Both the

Encountering different territorialities: political fragmentation of the sami homeland

Abstract: Territoriality is approached in this paper by examining the changing relationship between the small group of indigenous Sami people and the nation–states in which they reside. The Sami have for centuries been a geographically peripheral northern group, but they have nevertheless experienced altering conditions of state border demarcations and nationalistic ideologies. The flexible system of Sami villages, siidas, has had a fundamentally different approach to territoriality than the states with their fixed boundary conception. This difference is discussed by using three case studies from the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The examination indicates that it is possible for these different territorialities to meet and co–exist if the state’s interests are not compromised. Furthermore, it suggests that the northern region–building processes, such as Barents and Northern Dimension, could benefit from such a flexible territoriality approach.

Human territoriality: an examination of a construct

Abstract: Human territory research has generally been focused in a variety of settings including urban neighborhoods, libraries, mall parking lots, and areas around phones in public places. It refers to an intertwined system of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors that are place specific, socially and culturally influenced, and are linked to person-place transactions dealing with issues of setting management, maintenance, and expressiveness. A better understanding of human territoriality and its application in outdoor recreation settings has the potential to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of recreation experience and conflict. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the nature of human territoriality and develop the construct in the context of outdoor recreation. Territoriality has been studied primarily in urban settings. In that context, territorial behaviors attempts to control not only the activities of others, but their access to a particular area. Territorial beliefs include an individual's perceptions or belief that they can control who enters a site, what goes on at the site, who should take care of a site, or the types of activities that are allowed to take place. Territorial emotions include: a positive emotional bond to a place and the condition of that site as well as the type of user that should be there, and negative emotional reactions to possible changes in conditions and users in an area. Because many of the studies on human territoriality have been in neighborhoods or other public qeas like libraries or dormitories, traditional measures of territoriality have been modified in order to interpret its meaning in a natural resource environment. To test this construct in the context of outdoor recreation, we will be using data from an angler study conducted in New England. In order to detennine if the construct holds together as predicted, we have used descriptive statistics for all items in the construct, inter- item correlations matrices for the scales in this study, item- total correlations testing each item against totals of each dimension, and reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha. We have used the results of the item analysis as well as factor analysis to assess the dimensions of the construct and compare results to the conceptual structure of territoriality as developed in past research. Lastly, we have examined the territoriality col~truct to determine if it differs from a conceptually similar construct, place attachment, in order to test for discriminant validity.

State territoriality and beyond: an introduction

Abstract: Discusses relationships between state territoriality, political fragmentation, cultural assimilation, and social movement; relationship among states, territoriality and indigenous people of the Sami homeland, politics of territorial identification of Anglo-Montrealers, (the Quebec problem), and European integration, territorial features, and state borders in EU; 4 articles. Sami people are an example of an indigenous people and minority faced with changes of state territoriality and assimilation, Northern Europe.

Factors influencing pair territoriality in the juniper titmouse

Abstract: Pair territoriality outside of the breeding season is a relatively uncommon pattern of social organization in the Paridae (tits, titmice, and chickadees). Within the territorial parids, pair territoriality appears to be the derived state. Because of this, it is possible to address the question: What favors the evolution of this social system? I assessed factors that may be responsible for inducing pair territoriality in Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus ridgwayi), focusing largely on foraging behavior and predation risk. I found that the diet of Juniper Titmice is distinctive as compared to other tits, with large seeds (juniper and pinyon pine) and acorns making up most of the winter diet instead of arthropods. Time budgets reflected that a large proportion of time is spent handling food. Space use was strongly skewed toward locations that should be relatively safe from predators, both because food is located in such sites and because titmice transport seeds to sheltered sites for processing. Seeds dec...

The densification of suburban America: Privacy and territoriality as the basis for design

Abstract: Vll LIST OF FIGURES Vlll INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I. PRIVACY 9 CHAPTER II. SUBURBAN ILLUSION 28 CHAPTER III. OCCUPATION 48 CHAPTER IV. INTERVENTION 55 CONCLUSION 85 REFERENCES 92 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 99

Territoriality, Crisis and War in the Arab-Israel Conflict 1947-94

Abstract: How important is territoriality in explaining international conflict? In order to devise a theory of territoriality, the nature of territory’s impact on war must be explained. In other words political scientists should investigate what it is in territoriality that triggers interstate conflict, crisis and war. This article should be regarded as an effort toward the strengthening of such a theory, though its goals are very specific: to focus on several aspects of territoriality and establish their empirical links to violence in the protracted Arab-Israel conflict. 1 The study will examine three core questions. First, does the nature of a rivalry affect its attributes, namely, do the profiles of territorial and non-territorial crises differ? Second, does the location of states in a conflict situation affect their behavior, that is, do the profiles of crises with contiguous adversaries differ from those with non-contiguous actors? Third, does empirical data on international crises in a protracted conflict support central hypotheses from the territory-war literature?