Showing papers on "Theobromine published in 1977"
TL;DR: A pathway of caffeine degradation is proposed and formaldehyde has been demonstrated to be the product of oxidative N-demethylation mediated by an inducible demethylase.
Abstract: 1) A bacterium capable of growing aerobically with caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil. The morphological and physiological characteristics of the bacterium were examined. The organism was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas putida and is referred to as Pseudomonas putida C1. 15 additional caffeine-degrading bacteria were isolated, and all of them were also identified as Pseudomonas putida strains. The properties of the isolates are discussed in comparison with 6 Pseudomonas putida strains of the American Type Culture Collection. 2) The degradation of caffeine by Pseudomonas putida C1 was investigated; the following 14 metabolites were identified: 3,7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine), 1,7-dimethylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, xanthine, 3,7-dimethyluric acid, 1,7-dimethyluric acid, 7-methyluric acid, uric acid, allantoin, allantoic acid, ureidoglycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, urea, and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has been demonstrated to be the product of oxidative N-demethylation mediated by an inducible demethylase. A pathway of caffeine degradation is proposed.
71 citations
TL;DR: If a mother ate a 4-ounce chocolate bar every 6 hours and the infant nursed when the theobromine concentration in milk was at its peak, the infant could ingest about 10 mg of theOBromine per day.
48 citations
TL;DR: High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify theophylline, theobromine and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) in plasma of human volunteers following administration of 300 mg caffeine to methylXanthine-free volunteers.
Abstract: High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify theophylline, theobromine and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) in plasma of human volunteers following administration of 300 mg caffeine to methylxanthine-free volunteers. Plasma from these subjects was extracted and the dimethylxanthines were separated from each other and caffeine by high performance liquid chromatography. The effluents at the chromatographic peaks corresponding to the dimethylxanthine metabolites were collected, rechromatographed in a second system and the dried residues were subjected to mass spectrometry. By comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine were positively identified as metabolic products of caffeine.
38 citations
TL;DR: A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the separation and quantitation of theophylline and its metabolites, theobromine, and dyphylline in biological fluids, viz. human serum, urine, and saliva.
Abstract: A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the separation and quantitation of theophylline and its metabolites (1-methyl uric acid, 3-methyl xanthine, and 1,3-dimethyl uric acid), theobromine, and dyphylline in biological fluids, viz. human serum, urine, and saliva. The serum has been rendered protein-free by passage through a filter with a nominal molecular weight limit of 10,000. The filtrate is injected onto a reverse-phase column and the separation achieved by utilizing a polar mobile phase and dyphylline (dihydroxypropyl theophylline) as the internal standard. The results for two normal subjects are included to illustrate the applicability of the technique.
35 citations
TL;DR: The Schack and Waxler sectrophotometric method of measuring theophylline plasma concentration should be used with caution when patients are taking drugs which are weak acids which absorb in the 250-350 nm range.
Abstract: Drug-induced modification of the spectrophotometric theophylline plasma measurement was investigated in vitro using 14 drugs which coextract with theophylline and absorb ultraviolet light in the same wavelength region. Plasma samples spiked with 15 microng/ml theophylline and other potentially interfering drugs in therapeutic concentrations were analyzed according to the Schack and Waxler procedure. The absorbance of the alkalinized aqueous layer was read on a scanning spectrophotometer at 275 and 310 nm. Allopurinol, caffeine, phenobarbital, ampicillin and phenytoin did not appear to interfere with the measurement of theophylline. In contrast, furosemide, sulfathiazole, phenylbutazone, probenecid and theobromine produced potentially clinically significant false positive elevations of the theophylline plasma concentration. Warfarin, bishydroxycoumarin and salicylic acid produced an underestimation in the theophylline plasma concentration. The Schack and Waxler sectrophotometric method of measuring theophylline plasma concentration should be used with caution when patients are taking drugs which are weak acids which absorb in the 250-350 nm range.
20 citations
20 citations
TL;DR: A seven week old previously healthy infant presented with tonic posturing and central nervous system irritability after concentrated tea ingestion using a gas chromatographic analysis technique and computer simulation may be utilized to predict the pharmacologic course and distribution of ingested agents.
Abstract: A seven week old previously healthy infant presented with tonic posturing and central nervous system irritability after concentrated tea ingestion. Using a gas chromatographic analysis technique, a sample of similarly prepared tea was examined for levels of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Caffeine was the only xanthine found in the tea. A simulation of caffeine absorption and elimination was performed on a computer utilizing Euler's method on a three compartment model consisting of caffeine in the gut, in the body water, and caffeine excreted. Convulsions after caffeine administration have been reported at doses of 7 mg/kg. In our patient, the total estimated ingested dose of caffeine was 75 mg or 14.7 mg/kg with a maximum predicted blood level at 3 2/3 hours. A xanthine blood level from the infant at 5 hours was 1.1 mg/100 ml compared to a computer predicted value of 1.3 mg/100 ml. Computer simulation may be utilized to predict the pharmacologic course and distribution of ingested agents.
4 citations
Patent•
20 Jul 1977
TL;DR: In this article, a 1-(5-oxohexyl) theobromine was used as a medicine having vasodilating activity without producing by-product, by reacting it with a hexanone derivative, and purifying the product by a simple process.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To prepare 1-(5-oxohexyl) theobromine useful as a medicine having vasodilating activity, etc., without producing by-product, by reacting theobromine with a hexanone derivative, and purifying the product by a simple process. COPYRIGHT: (C)1979,JPO&Japio
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, theophylline and theobromine derivatives are synthetized from the beta-phenylethylaminoalkyl-xanthines, whose phenyl substituent is substitutent by one or two hydroxyl groups and partially also by other substituents.
Abstract: New theophylline and theobromine derivatives are synthetized from the beta-phenylethylaminoalkyl-xanthines, whose phenyl substituent is substitutent by one or two hydroxyl groups and partially also by other substituents. Different methods of synthesis are described, among them the production of the bronchospasmolytic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol-HCl).
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first band in all three cases can be assigned to enaminic molecular subunit, as in uracil; also the positions of the lone pairs of nitrogen and oxygen atoms are discussed.
Abstract: Photoelectron spectra of three natural methylated xanthines are discussed by qualitative considerations on the constitutive subunits and the methylation effects. The first band in all three cases can be assigned to enaminic molecular subunit, as in uracil; also the positions of the lone pairs of nitrogen and oxygen atoms are discussed.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the N-alkylation of xanthine, theophylline, and theobromine with trimethyl, triethyl, and triallyl phosphates in a weak alkaline aqueous solution is described.
Abstract: The N-alkylation of xanthine, theophylline, and theobromine with trimethyl, triethyl, and triallyl phosphates in a weak alkaline aqueous solution is described. Especially, trimethyl phosphate converted these heterocycles to the corresponding N-methyl derivatives in good yields.