Showing papers on "UMTS frequency bands published in 2021"

Multiband Patch Antenna Design Using Nature-Inspired Optimization Method

Abstract: Radio frequency energy harvesting has attracted considerable interest as a technique of enabling self-powered wireless networks. This technique faces several challenges, such as the receiving and the rectifying modules of a rectenna system. Multiband antennas provide several comparative advantages against the goal of maximizing the amount of energy harvesting. In this work, we present a multiband microstrip patch antenna with three slits operating in the LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) and the cellular (GSM-1800 and UMTS) communication frequency bands. A feasible solution of the antenna is obtained by the application of a recently introduced nature-inspired optimization technique, namely the Coyote Optimization Algorithm. The proposed antenna operates satisfactorily in the LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) and the cellular (GSM-1800 and UMTS) communication frequency bands. Measured results of the proposed antenna exhibit an acceptable performance (multiband frequency operation, maximum gain of 3.94 dBi, broadside operation) and demonstrate features of operation, which make it a strong candidate for various RF energy harvesting applications.

Design of a Compact Dual-Band MIMO Antenna System with High-Diversity Gain Performance in Both Frequency Bands.

Abstract: A compact four-element dual-band multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed to achieve high isolation and low channel capacity loss. The MIMO antenna was designed and optimized to cover the dual-frequency bands; the first frequency band is a wide band, and it covers the frequency range of 1550–2650 MHz, while the other frequency band covers the 3350–3650 MHz range. The measured wide-band impedance bandwidths of 1.1 GHz and 300 MHz were achieved in the lower and upper frequency bands, respectively. The proposed structure consists of four novel antenna elements, along with a plus-sign-shaped ground structure on an FR4 substrate. The overall electrical size of the whole dual-band MIMO antenna system is 0.3λ(W) × 0.3λ(L) × 0.008λ(H) for the lower frequency band. It achieved greater than 10 and 19 dB isolation in the lower and upper frequency bands, respectively. The antenna system accomplished an envelope correlation coefficient of |ρ|≤0.08 in the lower frequency band, while it achieved |ρ|≤0.02 in the higher frequency band. The computed channel capacity loss remained less than almost 0.4 bits/s/Hz in both frequency bands. Therefore, it achieved good performance in both frequency bands, with the additional advantage of a compact size. The proposed MIMO antenna is suitable for compact handheld devices and smartphones used for GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 5G sub-6 GHz, PCS (Personal Communications Service), and WLAN (wireless local area network) applications.

Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal mobile telecommunications system network based on OPNET

Abstract: The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.

A novel multi-band and multi-generation (2G, 3G,4G, and 5G) 9-elements MIMO antenna system for 5G smartphone applications

Abstract: In this study, a 9-elements hybrid MIMO (multiple input multiple output) antennas system is developed for 5G Smartphone communication.The designed MIMO system is composed of two different antenna parts i.e. the multi-band antenna element, and the eight-elements single-band antenna array. The multi-band antenna element encompasses the GSM 0.9/1.8/1.9 GHz (2G bands), UMTS 2.1 GHz (3G bands), LTE 2.3/2.5 GHz (4G bands), GPS, and WLAN 2.4/5 GHz, while the single-band antenna array covers the C-band (3400–3600 MHz) allocated for 5G cellular communcation. The model of the designed system has been manufactured and the simulation results are validated by conducting experiments with the fabricated prototype. High isolation levels have been observed between the elements. The designed antenna systems showed consistent radiation characteristics with a peak gain value of 5.5 dBi, and efficiency of as high as 90%. Furthermore, good MIMO performance parameters, such as the envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.13, and 40 bps/Hz channel capacity have been observed over the desired bandwidth. Owing to the salient performance characteristics, the proposed antenna system could be used in modern mobile communications.

Novel Design of Penta Band Planar Inverted F Antenna for Wireless Communication

Abstract: In this paper, a novel penta-band internal single feed low profile Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) that operates in several bands including Global System for Mobile Communication GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz, Global Positioning System (GPS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service UMTS 2100 MHz, 1800 MHz, Advanced Wireless Services AWS 1700 MHz and Industrial, Scientific and Medical Band ISM 24 GHz has been proposed The proposed antenna has a rectangular and slotted radiating patch suspended above a rectangular ground plane, which is also slotted A 06 mm thick FR4 dielectric substrate of the same size as the rectangular ground plane has been used between the radiating patch and the ground plane By optimizing the slots on the radiating patch as well as the ones on the ground plane, it has been noticed that the antenna can work at five distinct bands of frequencies with good operating bandwidth The slots on the ground plane have contributed further to generate multiband frequencies with improved bandwidth and to form almost omnidirectional radiation patterns at the resonating frequencies The simulation and the analysis of the proposed antenna have been done using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite software This novel compact penta band PIFA antenna shows very good performance at all the frequencies of operations and it will be a suitable candidate for wireless communications

Planar Multi-broadband Antenna for LTE/5G/GPS/GSM/UMTS and WLAN/WiMAX Wireless Applications

Abstract: In this paper, a simple planar multiband antenna design for wireless handsets is introduced. The proposed antenna can support four broad frequency bands, covering LTE/WWAN/GNSS/WiMAX/WLAN and several bands that are suggested for 5G systems. The proposed antenna design consists of a folded driven monopole strip, and a parasitic ground connected to the main ground with several etched slots on the ground plane. The parasitic ground in conjunction with the driven monopole slot helps to cover the lower band, including LTE700 and GSM bands, while the slots at the parasitic ground help to fully cover and tune other desired bands. The antenna is printed on a low-cost ultra-thin FR-4 substrate with a compact size of 135 mm $$\times$$ 60 mm $$\times$$ 0.5 mm, suitable for the state-of-the-art wireless handsets, such as smart-phones. The design procedure and measurement results of the antenna have been presented and discussed.

Performance Evaluation of SDR Blade RF using Wide-band Monopole Antenna for Spectrum Sensing Applications

Abstract: A spectrum-sensing algorithm is used to detect the available and the occupied frequency bands. The wideband antenna design approach is used for a microstrip fed monopole antenna that can be used for various wireless technologies such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, and WiFi operating at different frequencies from 1.25 to 3 GHz. The antenna is constructed from two copper layers of rectangular radiator and a partial ground plane. These layers are printed on an RO4003 substrate with dimensions 60 x 80 mm2. The antenna is experimentally fabricated to verify the simulation predictions and good matching between simulated and measured results is achieved. The wide-band antenna is tested by connecting it to the receiver of the Blade-RF Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform. A matlab script is then used to control the SDR board and to perform Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Applications.

Concentric Ring Structured Reconfigurable Antenna using MEMS Switches for Wireless Communication Applications

Abstract: This paper proposes a reconfigurable circular microstrip antenna to serve the wireless communication applications that make use frequency bands such as ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service). Reconfigurability is achieved with the help of four MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) switches to change the frequency and radiation properties of the antenna. By choosing either of the two states of each of the MEMS switches, the radius of the circular patch is varied and subsequently the operating resonant frequency. This gives rise to multiple configurations of the antenna to serve for different wireless applications. Defected Ground Structure is employed in this design to lower the resonant frequency and improve the bandwidth. Concentric rings are implemented along with a core circular patch in order to increase the radiating area of the patch in association with the MEMS-based switches to operate in toggle mode of ON and OFF. The concentric rings also helping in obtaining dual-frequency behavior of the antenna and the measured results are showing good agreement with the simulation results.

Comparison of Average Total EMF Exposure for Microcell/Macrocell Topologies Using Novel Methodology Based on Operational Network Measurements

Abstract: Two outdoor base station macrocell/microcell topologies in operational Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) networks are compared with respect to average Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure over population in an area. A novel joint metric is used, accounting for exposure from both base stations and user equipment. The demonstrated method tends to use as much data as possible that can be extracted from various network systems, for the exact time of measurements or on long-term basis, with the aim of identifying the potential for EMF-awareness of future networks. The reduction of total exposure with the introduction of the microcell layer is shown using the proposed method with experimental measurements and compared by mobile network technologies. The introduction of the micro layer brought reduction to total population exposure of 84.6%, in the micro base station coverage area, mostly due to user device exposure reduction in GSM. UMTS user device exposure reduction was even more pronounced, 97.8%, but having less impact on overall exposure, contributing only 1%. Even with the increase in exposure originating from base stations, the reduction of total exposure was visible over the macro area as well, measuring 2.22%. The uncertainties of the evaluation method are identified and usage of advanced tools and methods is proposed to mitigate them.

YAICD: Yet Another IMSI Catcher Detector in GSM

Abstract: In GSM, the network is not authenticated which allows for man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Attackers can track traffic and trace users of cellular networks by creating a rogue base transceiver station (BTS). Such a defect in addition to the need for backward compatibility of mobile networks makes all GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks susceptible to MITMs. These attacks are conducted using IMSI-Catchers (ICs). Most of the solutions proposed for detecting ICs in the literature are based on using specific mobile devices with root access. Also, they cannot identify ICs to which users are not connected. In this paper, we propose an approach called YAICD for detecting ICs in the GSM network. YAICD consists of a sensor that can be installed on Android mobile devices. It detects ICs by extracting 15 parameters from signals received from BTSs. We also established a lab-scale testbed to evaluate YAICD for various detection parameters and for comparing it against existing solutions in the literature. The experimental results show that YAICD not only successfully detects ICs using the parameters but also identifies ICs to which users are not yet connected to the network.

Hybrid Fuzzy Logic Engine for Ping-Pong Effect Reduction in Cognitive Radio Network

Abstract: The spectrum is a scarce resource and shall be used efficiently. It is observed that fixed spectrum allocation techniques, currently in use, may not be able to accommodate increased number of users trying simultaneously to access the network. Researches suggest that this problem of spectrum scarcity can be addressed by cognitive radio networks; which permits the dynamic use of spectrum. One of the basic requirements of dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio network is spectrum handoff. There is an associated issue with frequent spectrum handoffs and that is of the ping-pong ect. The ping-pong ect is caused due to the motion of mobile users between the adjacent cells, thus, initiating unnecessary spectrum handoffs. The purpose of this study is to develop and analyse a system that has the ability to perform cient decision about the execution of spectrum handoffs and in turn reduce the chances of ping-pong ect. Therefore, a fuzzy logic based system has been developed in a cognitive radio WLAN and UMTS environment and handoff is investigated between primary and secondary users. Our proposed hybrid system uses a two-stage fuzzy logic controller to reduce the number of ping-pong handoffs. In the rst stage, the system is designed to control the power of SU and to avoid any interference to PU. In the second stage, the system is designed to take the decision to execute handoff.

Analysis and Evaluation QoS of VoIP over WiMAX and UMTS Networks

Abstract: The real-time service such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP) is considered the best type of conversational voice due to ability and the possibility of making a VoIP calls at any time and from anywhere with the lowest cost. In this paper, we explore the performance of UMTS and WiMAX networks for VoIP service. This work focuses on VoIP quality when sent under various network loads such as HTTP, Email, FTB and Video Conferencing. In UMTS network, the VoIP was congested with HTTP traffic, while in WiMAX network the VoIP was congested with many types of traffic such as HTTP, Email, FTP and Video Conferencing. These traffic flow effects on voice traffic are analyzed and evaluated in terms of end-to-end delay, jitter and packet loss with service quality (QoS). All simulation scenarios are performed with OPNET modeller 14.5.

Performance assessment of VoIP service over different handover mechanisms in UMTS networks

Abstract: Many researchers have discussed various topics in universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) networks: the process of switching from one cell to another for the subscriber and the impact of the quality of the connection during the transition process, quality of services (QoS), the quality of the uplink and downlink carrier line, the various types of code for the voice transmitted through the Internet, especially the research that discussed voice over internet protocol (VoIP) technology as voice travels from cell to cell in mobile networks, depending on the type of delivery. In this paper, a proposed scenario of a UMTS network was implemented to evaluate the multicellular VoIP movement; the proposed UMTS network was simulated using the OPNET 14.5 simulator. The calculation and analysis of the different parameters of the user while moving from one cell to another with different movement speeds considered, the best mean opinion score (MOS) value (3.19) registered for the scenario (soft handover) comparing with another type of handover (3.00).

Cloud-Based Implementation of a SON Radio Resources Planning System for Mobile Networks and Integration in SaaS Metric

Abstract: In mobile network deployments of growing size, the optimum and fast planning of radio resources are a key task. Cloud services enable efficient and scalable implementation of procedures and algorithms. In this paper, a proof of concept implementation of a cloud-based network planning work pattern using Amazon Web Services (AWS) is presented, containing new and efficient radio resource planning algorithms for 3G, 4G and 5G systems. It extracts configuration and performance data from the network, enabling to accurately estimate cells coverage, identify neighboring cells and optimally plan scrambling codes (SCs) and physical cell identity (PCI) in 3G and 4G/5G networks, respectively. This implementation was integrated and is available in the commercial Metric Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) monitoring and planning tool. The cloud-based planning system is demonstrated in various canonical and realistic Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) scenarios, and compared to an algorithm previously used by Metric. For a small LTE realistic scenario consisting of 9 sites and 23 cells, it takes less than 0.6 seconds to perform the planning. For an UMTS realistic scenario with 12 484 unplanned cells, the planning is efficiently achieved, taking less than 8 seconds, and guaranteeing no collisions between first order neighboring cells. The proposed concept is proved, as this system, capable of automatically planning 3/4/5G realistic networks of multi-vendor equipment, makes Metric more attractive to the market.

Performance evaluation of 3G (UMTS Network) for E-Learning Video Streaming

Abstract: Advancement in technology has led teaching and learning to improve from traditional to electronic learning (E-Learning). E-learning consists of different multimedia including videos which facilitate learning much easier. Unfortunately, videos accessed on e-learning platform suffer in Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE). The aim of this paper is to evaluate QoS in terms of jitter, delay and packet loss, also to evaluate and compare objective and subjective QoE of e-learning video transmitted via Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network. A model of UMTS network was developed by using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and EvalVid framework. The developed model was used for e-learning video streaming. The streamed video was objectively and subjectively evaluated for its QoE, also jitter, delay and packet loss were used as the parameters for QoS. The obtained results has shown that e-learning video streaming delivered through 3G/UMTS suffers packet losses that exceeds the accepted value of 1%, hence poor video streaming QoS. Subjective QoE turned out to be much worse than objective QoE. Therefore, this paper recommends preference in using subjective QoE, because it gives real feelings of users with regards to QoS. Results suggest that UMTS is not suitable for e-learning video streaming.

Performance Analysis of Network Based Cellular Positioning Techniques in UMTS Networks

Abstract: In the current scenario location estimation is a very challenging field in case of UMTS networks, as the utility is very high in the LBS application with respect to various aspects. So, performance analysis of cellular positioning techniques is carried out in this paper using three mostly used network based techniques likely RSSI, TOA & AOA, where the nodes are assumed to be static at the time of computation of their respective locations and some reference nodes are also considered for helping the location calculation, whose coordinates are known prior to the computation and is stored in the database.

Subscriber notification management system

Abstract: FIELD: telecommunications and communication.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to telecommunications and communication, specifically to management of notices of subscribers of cellular communication networks of any standards, incl. GSM, UMTS (IN Intelligent Network), LTE (IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem), on possibility of establishing a connection. Indicator of the operator's economic efficiency is increased due to taking into account the maximum possible number of network features of the calling and called subscribers when determining the direction of the ISA transfer. Control system is easily scaled to any number of subscriber network features and adapted to any ISA scenarios.EFFECT: determining the direction of transmitting a notification message to the calling or called subscriber about possible establishment of repeated call initiation based on analysis of network charging, geodata, other behavioural characteristics of the calling and called subscribers in the network, which leads to higher economic indices of the mobile network operator (NP network provider) by stimulating the performance of voice calls.3 cl, 2 dwg

Planning and simulation for radio access networks on “small cells” technology for heterogeneous environments

Abstract: The document presents the planning and simulation of UMTS and LTE mobile telecommunications network by the use of Small Cells technology in heterogeneous environments solutions for real foray operators in Cochabamba to achieve efficiency in resource usage in a state of high traffic load of voice and data, and therefore achieve better utilities. The methodology is based on analytical development, planning, and simulation which take place in the first instance with the collection of information. In the following steps, the project requirements were identified, a vendor technical specifications comparison was made, and the Small Cell networks were designed by radio access network planning, cell distribution and dimensioning, transportation cadasters definition, technical equipment parametrization, and frequency plan determination. Finally a procedure of simulation for coverage predictions and design validation was made. It is concluded that the project is feasible and complies with technical requirements for land survey, services demand on voice and data, coverage for indoor or outdoor environments, mobility and transport users, parameters performance on RSCP, RSRP, RSRQ signal-to-noise ratio, capacity of users, specific scenario solutions and economic benefits on deployments.

Improved Vertical Handover Performance with Two WLAN Insertions

Abstract: Due to the weakening of the quality of communication at the border of the cell, to increase the need for a stable network connection anywhere and anytime, a solution is needed for the user to connect without interruption. Vertical handoff is one of the solutions offered to be able to improve the quality of communication. This study analyzed the improvement of network performance when the insertion of two WLANs in the border of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network. The WLAN network serves to serve MS when the UMTS signal is weak. Performance evaluation will be simulated in the simulator with the analyzed performance parameters i.e. the number of handoffs and the probability of outage. Based on the simulation results, it shows that the probability of outage value produced is smaller, thus improving the quality of communication signals at the threshold limit of −70 dBm by 31.40%, at −75 improving the quality of communication signals by 59.21% dBm, as well as at −80 dBm improving the quality of communication signals by 97.05%. But on the contrary, the number of handoffs is increasing at the threshold limit of −70 dBm obtaining the number of handoffs 1.00 times to 3.58 times, at −75 dBm obtained the number of handoffs 1.16 to 5.94 times and at −80 dBm obtained the number of handoffs 1.48 to 7.49 times, thus increasing the cost of switching, but this switching cost can be overcome by better signal quality. Although the number of handoffs is increasing but followed by better signal quality, this is because the Probability of Outage value is getting smaller which causes no drop call. So it can reduce losses to customers on battery power usage and network costs.

System Evaluation of RFID-Based User Localization

Abstract: Nowadays, people tracking in crowded events becomes very important in terms of monitor, security, and managing the crowd to reduce the chances of overcrowding’s accidents. Many techniques are used to localize the user in outdoor environments like mobile networks, Wi-Fi and RFID. This paper used the RFID to localize the users in the crowded specific areas, which are used for special events. The user information along with its location is sent to the cloud server using Wi-Fi Routers which are attached along the route. The results are compared with other methods to evaluate our proposed topology; by connecting an RFID Reader with other different topologies like Wi-MAX and UMTS. The results show that the proposed topology having better performance than others in terms of throughput. The purpose of this paper is to compare different topologies used to send data in a crowded area.

Vulnerabilities of UMTS-LTE Authentication Process – Theoretical and Practical Aspects during RF Measurements

Abstract: This paper exposes the main vulnerabilities of UMTS access domain security architecture and the ones during field tests made according to the LTE standard provided by the network operators in the UMTS 2100 MHz bandwidth. The system approves successfully the user data privacy and the signalling data integrity. However, in this paper we identified a few weaknesses. It has been exposed that modification of vulnerable initial messages prior to the security mode command may result in DoS and Man-in-the-Middle attacks. The transmission of IMSI/IMEI in clear on the air, on some occasions is a vulnerability of user identity/location privacy and user traceability. The IMSI unprotected in such way could be exploited by the attackers.