Showing papers on "Valence (psychology) published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the notion that the mobilization of energy and consequent magnitude of valence of a potential outcome (e.g., goal) is a function of what the individual perceives can and must be done in order to attain or avoid the outcome.
215 citations
TL;DR: Overall, expressions were significantly left-sided, a finding implicating the right hemisphere, while negative expressions were left- sided for all subjects, while positive expressions wereleft-sided for males only.
116 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that people seem to remember positive or negative material with greater ease when in corresponding mood states and that these memory effects may sometimes be partially mediated by different expressions that people often naturally come to exhibit when in different moods.
Abstract: People seem to remember positive or negative material with greater ease when in corresponding mood states. These memory effects may sometimes be partially mediated by different expressions that people often naturally come to exhibit when in different moods. The present research tested a “congruence” hypothesis about the priming effects of facial and body posture patternings on memory retrieval. This predicts that the accessibility of pleasant experiences from one's own life history may be disproportionately increased when nonverbal expressive patterns are positive in valence instead of negative, such as when an individual smiles and has expansive physical posture; and the accessibility of unpleasant experiences from one's life history may be disporportionately increased when nonverbal expressive patterns are negative in valence instead of positive, such as when an individual frowns and has a slumped posture. The two experiments described here used different procedures, direct or indirect, to put subjects ...
110 citations
92 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that males and females talk equally about emotions, though in opposite-sex dyads males used more affect words and males also used affect words to talk about their own emotions than did females.
Abstract: Various aspects of linguistic references to emotive states were compared for male and female speakers. These included the amount, valence, time frame, experiences and source of reference to emotions. Generally, males and females talked equally about emotions, though in opposite‐sex dyads males used more affect words and males also used more affect words to talk about their own emotions than did females. The results contradicted previous findings. Methodological and research implications of this contradiction are discussed. The effect of audience sex was also examined. Males talked more about emotions when the audience was female, while females did not vary their emotional expressiveness on the basis of audience sex.
29 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that a concern with negative evaluations by others (perhaps a construct similar to public self-consciousness) may be a common factor in social-evaluative anxiety and assertion.
Abstract: Subjects' thinking processes and reactions to manipulation of initial thoughts were studied in four types of problematic situations through the use of the thought-listing technique. Subjects were asked to list their thoughts in response to written vignettes. They were randomly assigned to receive one of three types of cognitive set: an initial positive thought, an initial negative thought, or no initial prompt. Thoughts were coded on valence and content/function dimensions (facilitative vs. debilitative; self-referent, attitude, or problem-solving). Manipulation of cognitive set appeared to have little influence on later thoughts, although different types of thoughts were listed more often in certain situations than in others. Prior to the study, subjects completed a number of self-report inventories of social-evaluative anxiety and assertion. Fear of negative evaluation was predictive of subjects' thoughts across situations and was also highly related to other questionnaires. These findings suggest that a concern with negative evaluations by others (perhaps a construct similar to public self-consciousness) may be a common factor in social-evaluative anxiety.
9 citations
01 Mar 1983
TL;DR: The study found that there were both positively and negatively valenced aspects thought to be associated with self-control, and that the mention of a certain dimension of self- control (discipline) was found to be significantly correlated with a specific negatively valence view (rigidity).
Abstract: It has been argued that one important variable that hampers research on self-control strategies is the absence of a working definition of self-control. Part of the difficulty involves the ambiguous and self-reflexive nature of the term itself, and part of the difficulty involves tautological imprecision equating the construct and definition of self-control with the effects of a self-control strategy. In order to begin to bring order to what has heretofore been a linguistic morass, an effort was made to assess individuals' views of self-control and then to perform a content analysis of the different aspects and dimensions actually embedded within these views. This study offered partial confirmation for six previously identified dimensions: choice, responsibility, awareness, discipline, skill, and goal. These dimensions provide us with a beginning phenomenological framework for assessing how individuals view self-control, and thereby help refine the position endorsed by Mahoney and Arnkoff (1979) that “self-control is a social label which is differentially applied to some behavior patterns.” Further, individuals were requested to list positive and negative aspects of self-control, in order to assess whether, as Mahoney and Arnkoff suggest, self-control is necessarily applied to behavior perceived as (a) being socially appropriate or desirable and (b) originating from noble ideals. The study found that there were both positively and negatively valenced aspects thought to be associated with self-control, and that the mention of a certain dimension of self-control (discipline) was found to be significantly correlated with a specific negatively valenced view (rigidity). The study concludes with implications for developing a working definition of self-control, and with guidelines and suggestions for future research.
4 citations
01 Oct 1983
TL;DR: Nejad and Ortony as discussed by the authors showed that differently valanced story endings, judged the same on an expectation scale, were rated very differently in hedonic tone and preference by readers.
Abstract: Optimal-level theories, aintain that the quality"of affect is a'function of a quantitative arousal potential dimension. An alternative view is that the quantitative dimension mer.ely modulates-preexisting qualitative properties and is therefore only responsible for changes in the degree of affect. Thus, the quality of affect, whether it is positive or negative, has to-be treated as an independent variable. In an experiment tp compare these alternatives, the quantitative dimension was.'nteasured by varying the degree of unexpectedness of endings in stories; that. were overall either positive or negative. Contrary to predictions of optimal-level theory, the results showed that differently valanced story endings, judged the same on an expectation scale, were rated very differently in hedonic tone and preference by-high'schOol readers. (Author). *********************************************************************** * . Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *from the original d.,:cument. *********************************************************************** CENTER FOR THE STUDY 'OF READING U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. . Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official NIE Position or policy. Technical Report No. 293 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE SOURCES OF AFFECT: HOW UNEXPECTEDNESS AND .VALENCE -.RELATE TO PLEASANTNESS AND PREFERENCE AsgharIran-!Nejad and Andrew Ortony University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign -51 Gerty Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 October 1983 Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. \ 50,Moulton Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02238 The research reported herein was supported in part by the National Institute of Education under Contract No. HEWNIE-C(+00 -76 -0116, and in part by a Spencer Fellowship awarded to the second author by the National Academy of Education. We wish to thank Harry Blanchard, Jerry Clore, and Terry Turner for their insightful comments on an earlier version of this paper.
1 citations