Showing papers on "Vegetable oil refining published in 1983"

Performance of Vegetable Oils and their Monoesters as Fuels for Diesel Engines

Abstract: Vegetable oils have the potential to be used as fuels for diesel engines. But in direct injection engines as they are used for agricultural tractors and trucks some difficulties with vegetable oils--even with fully refined oils--are noticed, so that long time operation is impossible. Engine tests were made to evaluate some modifications to these oils. The result is that the former problems do not occur with derivates of vegetable oils after transesterification with ethanol or methanol, if the injection is advanced.

Soybean Oil Fuel in a Small Diesel Engine

Abstract: SHORT term performance tests were conducted to evaluate crude soybean oil, crude-degummed soybean oil and soybean ethyl ester as complete substitutes for No. 2 diesel fuel in a small diesel engine. A longer term evaluation of the engine when using 100% crude soybean oil was prematurely terminated. Severe injector coking led to decreases in power output and thermal efficiency

Canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as substitutes for diesel fuel: Preliminary tests

Abstract: A cooperative project using the facilities of the POS Pilot Plant Corporation, the Saskatchewan Research Council and the Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, and funded by Agriculture Canada, was initiated in 1980 to investigate the feasibility of using canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as a replacement/extender to diesel fuel in direct-injection diesel engines. Work carried out included the documented production and refining of canola and R500 (high erucic) vegetable oils, preparation of methyl ester and of blends of all these fuels with methanol and ethanol. These fuels were evaluated by ASTM and improvised tests to determine their usefulness as diesel fuel. Engine tests involved a 2-cylinder Petter diesel and a 6-cylinder John Deere turbocharged diesel. Results were similar for both engines in short-term performance tests, and indicated that: (a) maximal power was essentially the same when burning canola oil as when burning diesel fuel; (b) specific fuel consumption was ca. 6% higher when burning canola oil, but because canola oil has a heating value 14% less than diesel fuel, the thermal efficiency is somewhat higher when operating on canola oil; (c) there were no starting problems down to 10 C; (d) there were fewer particulates in the exhaust when burning canola oil; and (e) there was generally less combustion noise when burning canola oil. The high viscosity of canola oil (ca. 35 times that of disel fuel at 20 C) poses a major problem in using the oil at low temperature. Blending with diesel fuel and the creation of a methyl ester from the canola oil both proved effective in reducing viscosity, but neither lowered the pour point apprecibly. Efforts on reduction of pour points and further work on blends and on heating the fuel are described.

Vegetable Oils as a Potential Alternate Fuel in Direct Injection Diesel Engines

Abstract: Laboratory endurance tests were performed on a direct injected, turbocharged, and intercooled diesel engine. A 25/75 blend (v/v) of alkali refined sunflower oil with diesel fuel and a 25/75 blend (v/v) of high oleic safflower oil and diesel fuel were tested. For comparison prior to the tests with the experimental fuels, a baseline endurance run with Phillips D2 Reference Fuel was carried out. The major problems experienced while operating on the 25/75 blend of alkali-refined sunflower oil and diesel fuel were premature injection nozzle performance deterioration and heavier carbonaceous buildup in the compression ring grooves and on the piston lands. There were no significant problems with engine operation when using the 25/75 blend of high oleic safflower oil and diesel fuel. Based on the results of this investigation, the 25-75 blend of high oleic safflower oil with diesel fuel is a very promising candidate as an alternate fuel. This investigation provides evidence that chemical differences between the vegetable oils have a very important influence on long term engine performance. In the tested fuel viscosity range it appears that the chemical properties rather than fuel viscosity is the major factor which determines engine performance deterioration while using vegetable oil fuels.

Vegetable Oil Atomization in a DI Diesel Engine

Abstract: VISCOSITIES and surface tensions of vegetable oil-diesel blends were measured at 85 °C. The data were used in a model to calculate permissable concentrations of vegetable oil in blends with No. 2 diesel fuel. Allowable concentrations ranged from zero to 34% depending on injection parameters.

Performance of lubricating oils in vegetable oil ester-fuelled diesel engines

Abstract: A series of engine dynamometer tests was carried out with 100% ethyl ester of soya oil as fuel and six different diesel engine lubricants In each case the lubricant became contaminated by unburnt fuel during the tests with measured dilution rates of up to 02% of the fuel throughput The lubricant/fuel mixture eventually underwent degradation to such an extent that phase separation occurred The tests were terminated when the lubricant lost all dispersancy, as evaluated by a blotter-spot test Used oil analysis revealed that rapid oxidation of some of the fatty acid ester components of the fuel diluent had occurred in the later stages of the tests At the high levels of fuel dilution recorded in these tests there was little difference between the performances of the six lubricants, despite their differing performance categories It is therefore concluded that conventional performance categories cannot be used to define the grade of lubricant necessary for use with 100% vegetable oil ester fuels

Single-cylinder diesel engine study of four vegetable oils

Abstract: A single-cylinder, 0.36 liter, D.I. Diesel engine was operated on Diesel fuel, sunflowerseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed comparison of performance and emissions data and to characterize the biological activity of the particulate soluble organic fraction for each fuel using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test. In addition, exhaust gas aldehyde samples were collected using the DNPH method. These samples were analyzed gravimetrically and separated into components from formaldehyde to heptaldehyde with a gas chromatograph. Results comparing the vegetable oils to Diesel fuel generally show slight improvements in thermal efficiency and indicated specific energy consumption; equal or higher gas-phase emissions; lower indicated specific revertant emissions; and significantly higher aldehyde emissions, including an increased percentage of formaldehyde.

Lubricating oil for diesel engines

Abstract: A lubricating oil for diesel engines is disclosed. This oil is based on a mixture of lubricating mineral base oil and a highly aromatic light base oil, and is highly effective in reducing the wear of the diesel engine designed to run with heavy fuels having high carbon to hydrogen ratios. The oil is also advantageous in that it does not clog the lubricant filter.

The Potential of Palm Oil as a Motor Fuel

Abstract: PALM oils can be substituted for petroleum fuels in diesel engines but pose flow and atomization problems because of high viscosity and the tendency to solidify at intermediate and low temperatures. This study details production and energy-balance characteristics of the oil palm system, and provides information on the physical and chemical nature of palm oils and their derivatives. Tests of these oils, palm/diesel mixtures and palm oil esters as diesel engine fuels indicated generally satisfactory performance, although efficiencies were in most cases slightly less than with conventional diesel fuel.

Fuel for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A fuel for an internal combustion engine comprising a blend of oil and alcohol and including Tall oil as a blend stabilising agent. The oil may be a mineral oil, such as diesel, or a fatty oil, such as vegetable oil, and the alcohol may be ethanol or methanol. The tall oil may be present in a quantity in excess of 15% by volume.

Long-term operation of a turbocharged diesel engine on soybean oil fuel blends

Abstract: It has been known for more than 50 years that some diesel engines could be fueled for short periods with vegetable oils, either neat or with hydrocarbon fuel additives World overproduction of soybean oil is increasing its potential as an economical diesel fuel extender The subject test program was undertaken to determine long-term effects of this alternate fuel on a modern, high-speed diesel engine The choice of a vegetable oil (soybean oil) as an alternative diesel engine fuel or fuel extender rather than the other major biomass motor fuel (ethanol) is related to the relative properties of these fuels The common US vegetable oils are much closer to hydrocarbon (No 2D) diesel fuel than is ethanol in both cetane rating and volumetric energy content Unlike ethanol, the vegetable oils can be blended 1:1 with No 2D fuel to produce engine power and volumetric fuel consumption levels practically identical to those obtained with 100% No 2D fuel However, engine operation and laboratory bench tests demonstrated that some fuel blends were unsatisfactory for continuous use The reasons for these difficulties were determined and a satisfactory fuel blend was proven through prolonged testing

The viscosity of vegetable oils and blends with diesel fuel

Abstract: A rotational viscometer was used to confirm that sunflower oil, its methyl esters, and blends of these with commercial diesel fuel are newtonian fluids. To avoid anomalous results, a cup and bob of ideal geometry was required for liquids with a viscosity lower than 10mpas. The viscosities of blends with diesel fuel were related semilogarithmically to the weight fraction of the more viscous component, while viscosity temperature data for the various fluids and for other vegetable oils were correlated by choosing the value of an arbitrary constant in an equation of the walther type (a).