Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 1990"

Biology of Wastewater Treatment

Abstract: Part 1 How nature deals with waste: nature of wastewater micro-organisms and pollution control microbial oxygen demand. Part 2 How man deals with waste: basic treatment processes sedimentation secondary (biological) treatment tertiary and advanced treatment. Part 3 The role of organisms: stoichiometry and kinetics energy metabolism aerobic heterotrophic micro-organisms anaerobic heterotrophic micro-organisms autrotrophic micro-organisms. Part 4 Biological processes: fixed-film reactors activated sludge stabilization ponds anaerobic unit processes plants and land treatment. Part 5 Sludge treatment and disposal: sludge characteristics and treatment land disposal sea disposal. Part 6 Disease and water: water-borne diseases removal of pathogenic organisms. Part 7 Biotechnology and wastewater treatment: role of biotechnology resource reuse biological conversion environmental protection.

Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural

Abstract: If you ally need such a referred constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment municipal industrial and agricultural book that will meet the expense of you worth, get the certainly best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. If you desire to witty books, lots of novels, tale, jokes, and more fictions collections are afterward launched, from best seller to one of the most current released.

Biological wastewater treatment systems : theory and operation

Abstract: Wastewater characteristics and the effects of its discharge on receiving waters conventional wastewater treatment processes process fundamentals microorganisms exploited in wastewater treatment microbial energy generation the kinetics of bacterial growth modelling and design of biological reactors nutrient removal from wastewaters operation and control of conventional systems waste stabilization ponds and aerated lagoons.

Water and Wastewater Examination Manual

Abstract: This new manual is an indispensable working lab guide and reference for water/wastewater quality analysis. Based on procedures from "Standard Methods" and "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste (EPA)," and other pertinent references the Water and Wastewater Examination Manual is an excellent complement to these references-that you will want to keep at your fingertips. Written especially for use by water quality laboratory technicians and water/wastewater operators, managers and supervisors-who will use this practical manual every day. Procedures are included for parameters frequently used in water quality analysis.

Oxygen Transport through Aquatic Macrophytes: The Role in Wastewater Treatment

Abstract: Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of three floating and six emergent aquatic macrophytes in improving domestic wastewater quality, based on their capacities for O₂ transport into the effluent Oxygen transport into the rooting zone of the plants created an oxidized microenvironment, thereby stimulating C and N transformations critical to wastewater treatment Plants were cultured in flasks containing deoxygenated primary and secondary sewage effluent for an 8-d period Oxygen transport by the plants was measured in terms of both O₂ consumed by the effluent (biological O₂ demand reduction—BOD₅) and increased effluent dissolved O₂ Two floating plants, pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata L) and waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms], and the emergent plants pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L) and common arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia L), were superior in improving primary sewage effluent quality, by reducing BOD₅ up to 88%, NH₄-N up to 77%, and increasing dissolved O₂ up to 61 mg L⁻¹ Nitrification rates in pennywort- and water hyacinth-based water treatment systems were calculated to be in the range of 12 to 47 kg NH₄-N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ Oxygen transport through plants accounted for up to 90% of the total O₂ transported into the effluent In separate batch experiments, the effectiveness of diffuse mechanical aeration (5 and 50 mL air min⁻¹) and of biological aeration (O₂ transport by selected plants including pennywort, waterhyacinth, pickerelweed, and common arrowhead) on the rate of contaminant removal from deoxygenated primary sewage effluent were compared for a 26-d period Biological and mechanical aeration effected similar BOD₅ removal First-order reaction rate constants for BOD₅ removal were from 00066 to 00079 h⁻¹ and from 00041 to 00051 h⁻¹ for biological and mechanical aeration, respectively Rate constants for NH₄-N removal were from 00024 to 00107 h⁻¹ for the plant treatments Virtually complete BOD₅ removal occurred in biological and mechanical aeration treatments within 20 d Complete nitrification of NH₄-N had occurred within 12 d after mechanical aeration was initiated, but subsequent N-loss by denitrification was inhibited In the biological aeration treatments, negligible effluent (NO₃ + NO₂)-N levels were measured, but 65 to 100% NH₄-N loss occurred both by plant assimilation and by sequential nitrification-denitrification reactions Florida Agric Exp Stn Journal Series R-00084

Ammonium uptake using Ulva (Chlorophyta) in intensive fishpond systems: mass culture and treatment of effluent

Abstract: A vegetative clone ofUlva lactuca L. was selected for mass culture and nutrient uptake experiments with fish pond wastewater. Growth rates of over 55 g dry wt. d−1 per 6001(1 m2) tank were obtained. Growth rate was linked to stocking density, tank flushing rates and aeration induced thallus movement. The plants could not survive on the macronutrients provided by a weekly pulse of wastewater. A continuous supply of fish pond wastewater was required to maintain good growth rates. An ‘uncoupling’ of growth rate and thallus nitrogen content was observed. The plants were able to store nitrogen from a pulsed ammonium supply and allot the nitrogen reserves to new tissue growth. Plants with slower growth rates or a continuous supply of ammonium had higher thallus nitrogen content.Ulva efficiently removed up to 85% of the ammonium from fish pond wastewater in darkness or light independently of temperature fluctuations.

Wastewater treatment in constructed reed beds in denmark — state of the art

Abstract: Since 1983 more than 130 reed bed systems have been constructed in Denmark. All systems are designed as subsurface flow systems which are thought to pass wastewater horizontally through the macrophyte rhizosphere. The reed bed systems vary in area between 100 and 13,000 m2, but most systems are less than 1,000 m2. Most of the systems treat domestic sewage. In this paper, the state of the art of the Danish systems is evaluated. Data on design, loading characteristics and inlet and effluent quality control analyses from the systems, are presented. In addition, data on soil composition (texture, content of Ca, Fe and Al) from 42 of the systems are presented in order to evaluate the performance of the systems in relation to growth media composition. Extensive investigations have been carried out in five systems, including depth-fractionated soil analyses, vegetation cover and distribution of below-ground biomass. The water retention time in two of the systems has been elucidated by tracer experiments. In general the Danish constructed reed beds can meet the official requirements for BOD5 (20 mg l-1) and suspended solids (20 mg l-1). The removal efficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorus, however, are generally poor (25-50%). The data indicate that the major removal process for nutrients is sedimentation within the beds. Low hydraulic conductivity of the bed substrate is found to be the main problem for sufficient treatment performance in Danish constructed reed beds. The design of the Danish constructed reed beds has only been slightly modified during the years 1983-90 in order to decrease surface run-off, and to improve water distribution in the soil body of the systems. Possible design changes for improving the treatment efficiency in macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems could be identified by studying those which work most efficient efficiently.

Natural systems for wastewater treatment

Abstract: Natural systems for wastewater treatment , Natural systems for wastewater treatment , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Wastewater Treatment by Immobilized Cells

Abstract: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Cell Adsorption. Adsorption and Attachment of Microorganisms to Solid Support. Entrapment of Microbial Cells for Wastewater Treatment. The Morphology and Electron Microscopy of Microbial Aggregates. Application of Biomass Carrier in Activated Sludge Process. Effluent Treatment With Immobilized Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. Immobilized Cell Systems in Anaerobic Digestion Process. Biological Process in Toxic Waste Treatment. Fundamentals and Advances in Expanded Bed Reactors for Wastewater Treatment. Fluidized Bed Reactor in Wastewater Treatment.

In-line process-model-based control of wastewater pH using dual base injection

Abstract: In-line neutralization of wastewater pH is demonstrated by using a multicomponent process simulator, which includes noise, instrument lags, and six nonstationary parameters. By contrast, the controller action is based on a model that considers the wastewater as a single fictitious acid of unknown concentration and unknown Gibbs free energy of dissociation. Measurable information from a dual base injection is used for a least-squares parameterization of the two-coefficient model. Control over a wide range of wastewater compositions and upsets indicates rapid and effective in-line control without the blending volume required in most pH control strategies

Photocatalytic treatment of water

Abstract: An ultraviolet driven photocatalytic post-treatment technique for the purification of waste water distillates, reverse osmosis permeates and spacecraft habitat atmospheric humidity condensates is described. Experimental results show that organic impurity carbon content of simulated reclamation waters at nominal 40 PPM level are reduced to, PPB using a recirculating batch reactor. The organic impurities common to reclaimed waste waters are completely oxidized employing minimum expendables (stoichiometric oxygen). This paper discusses test results and parameteric data obtained for design and fabrication of a bread-board system. The parametric testing includes UV light source evaluation, photolysis vs photocatalysis comparison, oxygen concentration dependence, temperature dependence, reactor mixing, disinfection features, photocatalyst loading, photocatalyst degradation studies and power consumption estimates. This novel post-treatment approach for waste water reclamation shows potential for integration with closed-loop life support systems.

Hg removal from wastewater by regenerative adsorption

Abstract: In a method for removing mercury from a wastestream to produce an environmentally acceptable discharge, the wastestream is contacted with an effective amount of an adsorbent composition which includes a metal compound capable of forming an amalgam and/or a sulfide with mercury and a support. After contact, the treated wastewater is discharged amd the adsorbent composition is regenerated. A method for making the adsorbents is also provided.

Granular activated carbon-sequencing batch biofilm reactor (GAC-SBBR)

Abstract: A periodic multistage process which minimizes fugitive pollutant emissions has been developed for the removal and destruction of volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile organic contaminants from either water, wastewater, or spent granular activated carbon. This invention relates to methods, materials, and systems for treating these contaminants by a process and devices which uniquely combine granular activated carbon adsorption and desorption with biological treatment. The process and devices extend existing treatment systems by: (1) providing biofilm growth in a Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor on gas permeable membrane which uses oxygen for the supply of the electron acceptor and other organics (e.g., methane), as needed, for the supply of alternative electron donors, (2) limiting the flow of gases to that which is needed to meet the demand of the microorganisms only and, thus, minimize the escape of volatile organic contaminants in the carrier gases, (3) bioregenerating granular activated carbon while minimizing the attachment of biomass to the granular activated carbon, and (4) periodically operating the Granular Activated Carbon-Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor system to remove and destroy the organic contaminants present in either water, wastewater, or spent granular activated carbon. The system also optimizes the use of nutrient additives and minimizes the production of unwanted waste byproducts while ensuring that all treated waters, regardless of their original level of contamination, meet the highly stringent clean-up levels established by governing regulatory agencies, and producing granular activated carbon that is regenerated.

Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems

Abstract: By incorporating special environments for methane fermentation and photosynthetic oxygenation, advanced integrated ponding systems attain high degrees of primary and secondary treatment and significant degrees of tertiary and quaternary treatment of sewage and organic industrial wastes. When properly designed in appropriate locations, the systems virtually eliminate sludge disposal, minimize power use, require less land than conventional ponds, and are much more reliable and economical than mechanical systems of equal capacity.

Monterey wastewater reclamation study for agriculture.

Abstract: Results from a five-year study indicate that the use of reclaimed water for food crop irrigation is safe and acceptable. No soil or groundwater quality degradation occurred. Conventional farming practices were adequate, excellent crop yields were obtained, and there were no obstacles to the marketability of the produce. There was no accumulation of heavy metals in the crops or soil; chlorine residuals had no observable effect on crops, and dechlorination was not necessary. Res. J Water Pollut. Control Fed., 62, 216 (1990).

Surface and colloid chemistry in natural waters and water treatment

Abstract: Section I Processes in Natural Waters.- The Surface Chemistry of Humic Substances in Aquatic Systems.- Microbial Processes Occurring at Surfaces.- Photochemistry of Colloids and Surfaces in Natural Waters and Water Treatment.- Kinetics and Mechanisms of Iron Colloid Aggregation in Estuaries.- The Generation of Suspended Sediment in Rivers and Streams.- Application of the Uranium Decay Series to a Study of Ground Water Colloids.- Section II Water Treatment Processes.- Water Treatment Technology in Australia.- The Role of Surface and Colloid Chemistry in the SIROFLOC Process.- Coagulation and Flocculation - Destabilizing Practices? (With Particular Reference to Metal Ion Coagulants).- Enhanced Biological Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater.- Some Effects of Dam Destratification upon Manganese Speciation.- Contributors.

Biological fixed-film systems

Abstract: Proceedings of three conferences contained a number of papers on fixed-film processing wastewater and hazardous waste treatment. Eckenfelder et al. described a rational method for the selection of biological fixed-film treatment for specific industrial wastewaters. Also, Rittman and Huck discussed the application of immobilized biofilm treatment to produce safe water that meets EPA drinking water regulations.

Aerobic wastewater treatment with alkalinity control

Abstract: Aerobic wastewater treatment processes are controlled utilizing alkalinity measurements. A base line of alkalinity is determined by measuring the alkalinity profile of the influent to the aerobic wastewater treatment process. The alkalinity of the wastewater is sensed at a number of different points in the aerobic wastewater treatment process, such as at a clarifier effluent and sludge exit, aeration zone, and aerobic digester effluent. When the sensed alkalinity at any given point is above a predetermined amount over base line alkalinity, the air supply is increased and/or the concentration of microbes and food is reduced (as by increasing the sludge withdrawal rate from a clarifier) until the sensed alkaline level is stabilized. When the sensed alkalinity is below a predetermined amount under base line, the air supply is decreased and/or the concentration of feed and microbes increased (as by reducing or terminating sludge withdrawal from a clarifier) until the sensed alkalinity level is stabilized. Anaerobic odors are eliminated, plant operation and efficiency is improved, settling is improved, there is enhanced removal from the secondary clarifier, and solids carryover is reduced increasing the quality of effluent from the clarifier.

Water filtration apparatus

Abstract: A water filtration multi-stage process and apparatus thereof for removing dissolved, colloidal, volatile, suspended and living contaminants from water or wastewater which includes chemical feeding, in-line static mixing, filtration chemical monitoring and optimization, aeration, hydraulic flocculation, grit settling, adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and final water conditioning by converting dissolved solids to insoluble forms by oxidation and chemical precipitation, and then by filtering the insoluble contaminants, adsorbing residual dissolved contaminants, disinfecting the living microorganisms, and applying magnetic or electronic field for conditioning to produce a purified water.

Process for the recovery of oil from waste oil sludges

Abstract: Commercially valuable oil is recovered from refinery-produced, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act classified, hazardous waste oil sludges by a series of volatilizing and condensing steps (which may vary depending on the oil, water, and solids content of the sludge) resulting in the production of nonhazardous water and solid waste byproducts. A pumpable, low viscosity, high oil- and/or water-content sludge is first centrifuged to separate free oil and water. If the waste sludges are acidic or if nickel is present in the sludges in sufficient quantities so as to result in unacceptable levels in the TCLP leach filtrate, a base (such as calcium oxide) is admixed with the thick waste oil sludge, centrifuge solids, or other sludges low in oil and/or water content to render the sludges basic. The basic, admixed sludges are heated to volatilize the contained water and oil. Dry, friable, deoiled solids are recycled with the oily sludge feed to prevent material agglomeration and heat exchanger fouling. Oil and water vapor from the high-temperature volatilization apparatus is recycled as an indirect heat source to the low-temperature volatilization apparatus. The volatilized oil and water are condensed and combined with the oil and water centrate, and the oil and water are essentially separated as by gravity. The oil is separated from any entrained water and solids. The nearly oil free, nonhazardous waste water and nonhazardous, deoiled solids can be disposed of in a conventional manner, and the commercially valuable recovered oil is suitable for further refinery processing.

Adsorptive capacities of activated carbon for organic constituents of wastewaters

Abstract: The adsorptive capacities of activated carbon for major organic constituents (target compounds) of a wide variety of wastewater were measured in pure water and in actual wastewater samples. Competitive adsorption due to the presence of other orgnic components of total organic carbon of the wastewater (background TOC) reduced carbon capacities for all target compounds in the wastewaters from the respective pure water isotherms. The capacity reduction for a target compound was found to depend on the relative adsorptivity of the target compound versus competing compounds (poorly adsorbed TOC components produced a small reduction in capacity for a more strongly adsorbed target compound), and the fraction of the background TOC attributable to the target compound. Those findings were validated by carbon column adsorption breakthrough data.