Showing papers on "Water quality published in 1972"

Physicochemical processes for water quality control

Abstract: Physicochemical processes for water quality contro , Physicochemical processes for water quality contro , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Measuring Water Quality and Predicting Well Impairment

Abstract: The performance of a waterflood or a water disposal project can be significantly affected by suspended solids in the injection water. Provided the rate of impairment can be predicted, the amount of water treating needed for a project can be decided on the basis of economics. This study develops methods and theory which can be used to interpret water quality data obtained with membrane filters or cores and to predict well impairment from suspended solids. Two new concepts are introduced: (1) the water quality ratio, which can be calculated from filtration data; and (2) the injection well half-life, which is a measure of the rate of impairment and can be calculated from the water quality ratio.

Wildland Watershed Management

Abstract: WATER, WATERSHEDS AND PEOPLE Water Resources and Water Problems Water Resource Management: Approaches to the Solution of Water Problems Watersheds and People Through Time THE WILDLAND HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM How Runoff Is Generated by a Watershed Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation Soil Moisture Movement and Storage Energy Exchange Water Losses Snow Accumulation, Melt and Vaporization Erosion and Sediment MANAGING WILDLAND WATERSHEDS Control of Amount and Timing of Streamflow Control of Water Quality Watershed Management Policy and Planning Appendix Index.

River water temperatures ‐ an environmental review

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to review the progress of inter‐disciplinary research into river water temperatures. Special attention is drawn to the significance of this work in terms of water quality criteria for a variety of purposes and to the rise of thermal pollution.

Mathematical programing for regional water quality management

Abstract: This paper details an application of mathematical programing to the problem of optimal water quality control in an estuary. The mathematical models allow for the possibilities of at-source treatment, regional treatment plants, and by-pass piping. Actual data from the Delaware Estuary are used to solve a large-scale problem and the solution is given. The results indicate that a regional treatment system for the Delaware Estuary is superior, in terms of total cost, to other proposed schemes.

Plankton Diatom Species Biomasses and the Quality of American Rivers and the Great Lakes

Abstract: Biomass (biovolume) measurements of the total phytoplankton per liter and the biomass of each species of diatoms in 5 microliters of diatom biomass per sample are presented for a number of sampling stations on the Great Lakes and several of the major rivers of the United States, compromising 54 semimonthly samples per station for 27 months. Diversity and dominance of species of diatoms for both the spring and fall population pulses are given for 128 stations. Possible relationships of various physical, chemical, and biotic parameters of water quality are suggested for immediate application to water pollution assessment and pollution abatement. See full-text article at JSTOR

A multilevel approach to determining optimal taxation for the abatement of water pollution

Abstract: Regional water quality management by a three-level optimization approach is developed. Proposing the construction of a regional treatment plant, the central authority determines simultaneously the optimal treatment configuration for meeting water quality standards along a river basin and the optimal effluent charges necessary to realize this configuration. The optimal regional plant capacity and regional treatment level are also found, depending on which polluters decide to use the regional facilities. It is assumed that the central authority does not need to know the local treatment cost functions. Numerical results from simulated use of the technique with data for the Miami River basin reveal the efficiency and the effectiveness of the multilevel approach. Considerable savings over local treatment alone can be realized by employing regional treatment facilities.

Water as a Resource

Abstract: Aquatic Chemistry. By Werner Stumm and James J. Morgan. Pp. xv + 583. (Wiley Interscience: New York, 1970.) $24.95. Water and Water Pollution Handbook. Edited by Leonard L. Ciaccio. Vol. 1: Pp. xvi + 449. Vol. 2: Pp. ix + 349. (Marcel Dekker: New York, 1971.) $27.50 each vol. Principles of Water Quality Control. By T. H. Y. Tebbutt. Pp. ix + 179. (Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1971.) £2 cloth; £1.50 paper. Biology and Water Pollution Control. By Charles E. Warren. Pp. xvi + 434. (Saunders: Philadelphia, 1971.) $11.00.

Environmental aspects of dredging in estuaries

Abstract: Salt marsh estuarine environments along the Intracoastal Waterway of the southeastern Atlantic coast were studied to determine the environmental effects of dredging in these areas. The study dealt with the chemical response of salt marsh seidments to the deposition of dredge materials and with the water quality response to dredging and deposition of sediments in a salt marsh estuarine environment. After the initial destruction of the salt marsh plants due to spoil deposition, the rate of reequilibration of the marsh sediments to their original state (suitable for revegetation) is greatly dependent on the depth of the dredge spoil deposit. In natural and relatively unpolluted areas, dredging has no significant effects on water quality when either diked or undiked confinement techniques are used. In polluted areas in marine environments, water quality impairment caused by dredging activites do not necessarily bear any simple relation to the composition of the sediemtns to be dredged.

Effects of Sediment on Water Quality

Abstract: Flowing water in a stream carries sediment which is considered a pollutant because it interferes with many uses of water. Other pollutants in the water may be attached to or greatly affected by the sediment. The ultimate source of most sediment is soil loss from sheet erosion which can be computed by the universal soil loss equation. It may be as high as 100 metric tons/ha per year on a steep, loose, cropped soil, or on any soil left bare during construction activity. Nearly level land in Illinois may lose 10 tons/ha per year regularly. Sediment yield, or that delivered to a downstream point, can be estimated from the many measurements available. Yields are 15 tons/ha per year in Mississippi, the highest in the United States; yields are 10 in western Illinois and western Iowa, and less than 2 for the forest-covered east and the arid west. Sediment problems are usually proportionate to sediment yields. In the Upper Mississippi River Basin 27% of the land has sediment yield double the level described as being tolerable. In this basin total sediment damage of $25 million/year is about comparable in amount to the upstream damage done by all floods. Rivers carry a load of suspended sediment as a crucial part of their total energy balance. This natural sediment load is reflected in the median turbidity of 33 Jackson turbidity units found to be representative of all river waters in Illinois. If the suspended sediment load of a river is reduced, the stream will erode its bed or banks to pick up sediment to re-establish its energy balance. Traditional soil conservation measures will reduce soil loss from the farmer's field; this will also reduce sediment yield to a downstream reservoir. Reductions are often 70% to 90%. The river turbidity will be reduced, but it will never be eliminated. Stream turbidity affects many common uses of water. It is necessary to reduce this turbidity artificially in order to use the water.

Nitrate in Ground Water of the Fresno‐Clovis Metropolitan Area, Californiaa

Abstract: Natural concentrations of nitrate are quite low in most ground waters in the eastern part of the San Joaquin Valley High nitrate contents are related to sewage effluent percolation ponds, septic tank disposal systems, industrial waste-waters, and agricultural fertilizers Hydrologic factors are closely related to the occurrence of nitrate Transmissibility of the aquifer, hardpan development in the soil, canal recharge, and cobble zones in the subsurface are the primary factors of importance Nitrate is stratified in the aquifer beneath unsewered metropolitan areas and highest contents occur in the upper 50 or 60 feet Water quality hydrographs were used to show long- and short-term trends in nitrate Chloride and nitrate hydrographs, trilinear diagrams, the distribution of other constituents, and hydrologic data were used to effectively delineate sources of nitrate in areas where numerous potential sources were present Conclusions from ground-water data agree well with previous studies in other areas beneath unsewered tracts and near sewage treatment plants in which attention was focused primarily on the soil or the unsaturated zone

The effect of surface treatments on soil water storage and yield of wheat

Abstract: Soil water changes under six pre-seeding surface treatments and the following wheat crop were recorded at three- to four-weekly intervals in two consecutive seasons (1966-67 and 1967-68) on a hard setting red-brown earth in South Australia. The treatments were 'fallow' (initial cultivation in spring, nine months before sowing), 'grassland' (initial cultivation in autumn, two months before sowing), 'chemical fallow' (sprayed with herbicides in spring), and three fallows separately modified with gypsum, straw and hexadecanol. In both experiments grassland lost water rapidly in spring and this lower water content was never completely restored. The fallow + straw gave the biggest recharge of soil water following rain and the highest water storage efficiency during the fallow period. In 1966-67, recharge of soil water followed rain in summer at a time of high evaporation rates. The effectiveness of the treatments in increasing soil water storage was related to their ability to reduce evaporation. In 1967-68, soil water recharge occurred in autumn when evaporation rates were low. The effectiveness of the treatments was then related to their ability to curb surface sealing by raindrop impact. Nitrate-N contents in the top 60 cm of soil at seeding were higher in 1967 than 1968, probably due to efficient mineralization in 1967 after summer rain, and leaching by heavy rain and denitrification before seeding in 1968. Crops on the fallow + straw treatment used most water and produced the highest wheat yields with the highest water-use efficiency in both years.

Regional Analysis of Streamflow Chemical Quality in Texas

Abstract: Thirty-one streamflow water quality stations in Texas, with long-term historical records ranging from 7 to 28 years, were selected for statistical analyses of the annual mean concentrations of the major chemical constituents. A statewide multiple regression analysis using frequency characteristics of annual mean water quality constituents as dependent variables and selected basin characteristics as independent variables was investigated as a means of regionalizing information on annual water quality characteristics. For the two different regression models investigated, a single independent variable, generally stream discharge or average basin rainfall, explained a significant part of the variance of the dependent water quality variables. Areal analysis of residuals of the statewide regression models indicated two distinct regional patterns. Correlation coefficients for the concentration-rainfall regional models ranged from 0.80 to 0.97 and the standard errors of estimate were between 26 and 99% of the means of the dependent variables. An analysis of various concentration-conductance relationships for the statewide data also gave favorable results, and provided an alternate method for obtaining estimates of streamflow chemical quality characteristics.

Measurement of salt-wedge excursion distance in the Duwamish River Estuary, Seattle, Washington, by means of the dissolved-oxygen gradient

Abstract: The Duwamish River estuary has been the object of a series of comprehensive studies undertaken to predict the effects of the changing character of waste-water inputs on the water quality of the estuary. This report discusses the freshand salt-water relations of the estuary. The distance that the salt-water wedge in the estuary moves upstream and downstream with the tide is measured by a method that utilizes the persistence of the longitudinal gradient of dissolved oxygen in the salt water of the wedges. The method, though unorthodox, can serve as an independent check on any other measurements of tidal-excursion distance. Typical values obtained were a 1-kilometer excursion for a 1.3-meter tide range and a 3-kilometer excursion for a 3-meter tide range. This method of tracing the water movement seems to work because of two unusual aspects of the Duwamish River estuary: (1) the channel configuration is simple and well-suited to synoptic measurement and (2) the physical properties of the entering salt water are nearly constant. INTRODUCTION The Duwamish River estuary at Seattle, Wash., like many estuaries in urban areas, is undergoinga change in the patterns of its waste-water inputs. The effects of this change are being intensively studied. An understanding of how water moves in and through the estuary and its rates of movement is fundamental to the study. Salt water enters from Puget Sound at depth at the mouth of the estuary, which is split by Harbor Island (fig. 1), and fresh water enters from the Green River at the head. Within the estuary these two inputs are mixed, and the mixed water leaves the estuary in a surface layer. Relating saltand fresh-water

The Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality

Abstract: This paper attempts to summarize existing knowledge of the effects of urbanization on hydrologic factors and their ultimate effect on water quality. Urbanization has the greatest effect on the hydrology of an area which ultimately results in the degradation of the quality of both surface and ground water. Urbanization increases the sediment load carried by streams, decreases ground water recharge, promotes eutrophication, and causes temperature variation in streams, all of which tend to alter water quality.

Impact of Drought on New Jersey's Water Resources

Abstract: New Jersey, together with other northeastern states, in 1966 began to recover from its 5th consecutive year of severe drought. The environmental effects of this drought upon the state's surface water resources were manifold. Among them were deterioration of stream quality, severe decreases in streamflows, critical depletion of storage in reservoirs used for public-water supply, increased chemical-treatment costs for potable-water supplies, record high intrusion of salinity in estuaries, changing fish-migration patterns, and upstream movement of a major oyster predator onto seed beds. Residual effects of this drought on streamflow and water quality were evident for up to 2 years after the meteorological drought had ended.

Effects of urbanization on storm water runoff quality: A limited experiment, Naismith Ditch, Lawrence, Kansas

Abstract: The extensive use of storm water runoff as an auxiliary source of water will probably be justified economically in the near future, providing the water is of proper quality. Water samples were collected for dry weather periods, rainstorms, and snowmelts and evaluated for pH, residue (total, volatile, filterable), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), NO3, Cl and total alkalinity. Most changes in water quality are not so great as to be apparent by inspecting the data. Statistical analysis is necessary for testing the more subtle chemical relationships. Suspended solids concentrations during snowmelt and rainstorms do not differ; NO3 is relatively high, COD averages 34 ppm (parts per million). Occasional pollutants include Cr+6, 27 ppm, Br, 5 ppm. and Cl, 2150 ppm; Pb concentrations in suspended solids as high as 0.55% were found. The general extent to which urban storm runoff contributes to pollution of the streams is yet to be completely determined.

Effects of Road Salt on a Vermont Stream

Abstract: THIS ARTICLE EVALUATES THE FATE OF HIGHWAY SALT APPLIED IN THE SLEEPERS RIVER BASIN OF NORTHERN VERMONT. THE SALT CONTENT OF THE STREAMS IS CONSIDERED IN TERMS OF CONCENTRATIONS, SEASONAL TRENDS, AND THE TOTAL ANNUAL BUDGET OF SALT DELIVERY. STREAM STUDIES DURING 1968 AND 1970 DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECT OF HIGHWAY SALTING ON THE RURAL STREAMS STUDIED. CONTROL CATCHMENT STREAMS EXHIBITED LOW, RATHER CONSISTENT LEVELS OF CHLORIDE AND SODIUM IONS, WHEREAS HIGHWAY-AFFECTED SITES SHOWED COMPARATIVELY HIGH SALT LEVELS AND DISTINCT SEASONAL TRENDS. MUCH OF THE STUDY AREA'S ROAD SALT WAS FLUSHED AWAY DURING THE SPRING MELT; HOWEVER, SOME OF THE SALT OBVIOUSLY WAS DISCHARGED INTO ROADSIDE SOILS, TO REAPPEAR LATER IN THE SUMMER BASEFLOW. FROM A PRACTICAL VIEWPOINT, IMPROVED ROAD-SALT-APPLICATION TECHNIQUES PERHAPS WOULD KEEP SALT CLOSER TO THE ROAD PAVEMENT, THUS ALLOWING MORE EFFICIENT FLUSHING OF THE CHEMICALS IN SPRING. LIKEWISE, MORE SCIENTIFIC SALTING AND PLOWING METHODOLOGY PROBABLY WOULD GREATLY REDUCE THE TOTAL VOLUME OF CHEMICALS NEEDED TO DO THE JOB. /AUTHOR/