Showing papers on "Weather station published in 2002"

History of the Long Series of Daily Air Temperature in Padova (1725–1998)

Abstract: The history of the origin of the study of meteorology in Padova and its connection to the major developments of this science in Italy and the international context are presented Special topics are: the scientific legacy of Galileo Galilei and the Accademia del Cimento,the birth of the first meteorological networks, ie, Ferdinand II and Leopold de' Medici who created the Rete Medicea, J Jurin and the network of the RoyalSociety, London, L Cotte and the Societe Royale de Medicine, Paris, J J Hemmerand the Societas Meteorologica Palatina, Mannheim After outliningthe cultural background that favoured the development of meteorology, emphasis is given to the plurisecular time series of meteorological observations, taken in Padova since 1725, in its national and international context This long series includes barometric pressure, air temperature, wind direction and speed; state of the sky and occurrence of meteorological events and precipitation Special reference is made to indoor and outdoor temperature observations Solar radiation falling on each exposure has been modelled in order to know when data were fully reliable and when they were less so A vertical profile of air temperature has allowed corrections of the change of instrument level, when necessary In terms of homogeneity, the series can be divided into several periods, during which instruments and operational methods, position, general criteria were unchanged: origins in homes of the first observers (1725–1767); the First Period at the Specola(1768–1812); the Second Period at the Specola (1813–1864); the Third and Fourth Periodsat the Specola (1865–1937); the Last Measurements at theSpecola (1938–1962); the Giovanni Magrini Observatoryof the Water Magistrate (1920–today); the Gino Allegri Airport(1926–1990), the Botanical Gardens (1980–today), the CNR (1984–1986; 1993–today) The latestperiod with the birth of new weather stations, is the most affected byanthropic effect The simultaneous presence of an urban and a rural weather station pointed out local effects which dominate the urban heat island

Combination clock radio, weather station and message organizer

Abstract: A combination clock radio, weather station and message organizer located in the base unit (20) having a visual display (80), a controller located in the base unit including a central processor (68) for controlling operation of the combination, and a temperature sensor (22) for obtaining outdoor temperature readings, the temperature sensor (22) being in communication with the controller. The controller is adapted to present a hue on the visual display (80) that is a function of the outdoor temperature reading. The combination may also include a pressure sensor in communication with the controller for monitoring a rate of change in atmospheric pressure and providing a weather forecast animation 132 that is a function of the changes in the atmospheric pressure.

The Development of the Map of Extreme Ice Loads for ASCE Manual 74

Abstract: In this paper we discuss the development of the map of extreme ice loads with concurrent wind speeds that is in the latest revision of ASCE Manual 74 and in ASCE Standard 7. This map is based on historical weather data from hundreds of weather stations run by the National Weather Service, Air Force, and Federal Aviation Administration. Equivalent uniform radial ice thicknesses on wires perpendicular to the wind direction in past freezing rain storms were determined from the data at each weather station using ice accretion models. Qualitative damage information was obtained for the storms that appeared to be severe enough to damage trees and power lines. This information was used both to check the modeling algorithms and to group the stations into superstations for the extreme value analysis. Ice thicknesses for long return periods were determined by fitting the generalized Pareto distribution to the sample of largest ice thicknesses for each superstation. Wind speeds concurrent with the extreme ice thicknesses were also calculated. In the West, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, ice thickness zones were extrapolated using qualitative information because extreme ice thicknesses have not yet been calculated from the weather data in this region. For application to overhead electrical wires, the mapped ice thicknesses are adjusted for return period, height above ground, topography, and possibly wire orientation.

Real-Time Micro-Weather Factors of Growing Field to the Epidemics of Rice Blast

Abstract: It was investigated on the relationship of the rice blast epidemics and the real-time meteorological factors, at the experimental paddy field in 1997. Weather factors(temperature, relative humidity, irradiation, precipitation, the direction of wind, wind speed, soil temperature and leaf-wetness, etc) were measured by using the automated weather station. The most influenced weather factor to blast epidemics, was the average max-temp(

Weather derivatives: managing risk with market-based instruments

Abstract: Accurate pricing of weather derivatives is critically dependent upon correct specification of the underlying weather process. We test among six likely alternative processes using maximum likelihood methods and data from the Fresno, CA weather station. Using these data, we find that the best process is a mean-reverting geometric Brownian process with discrete jumps and ARCH errors. We describe a pricing model for weather derivatives based on such a process.

A Field Trial of Vehicle Grip Compared to RWS Data

Abstract: Driving safety is a key concern for road authorities. Other than the weather, one of the most interesting factors which affects safety is a vehicle’s grip, i.e. the friction between a vehicle’s tires and the road surface. Together with the Finnish Road Administration Vaisala conducted a field trial in Southern Finland during the winters of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to study which measurement results best indicated a vehicle’s grip. In the trial, the measurements from the Vaisala ROSA Road Weather Station (RWS) were compared with independent human observations of vehicle grip.

Weather derivatives: managing risk with market-based instruments

Abstract: Accurate pricing of weather derivatives is critically dependent upon correct specification of the underlying weather process. We test among six likely alternative processes using maximum likelihood methods and data from the Fresno, CA weather station. Using these data, we find that the best process is a mean-reverting geometric Brownian process with discrete jumps and ARCH errors. We describe a pricing model for weather derivatives based on such a process.

Integration of Remote Weather Stations with Advanced Telemetry Options and Remote Image Acquisition

Abstract: Currently the University ofAlaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center (WERe) maintains over fifty remote meteorological stations in Alaska, ten located on the Seward Peninsula, fifteen on the North Slope ofAlaska, two near Ivotuk and over twenty near Fairbanks, Alaska. Due to its latitude and climate, Alaska poses difficult problems that must be solved to successfully power and maintain a remote meteorological station network throughout the year. Many ofthese solutions can be adapted from arctic to alpine environments. Over the past year WERC has deployed a variety of telemetry systems and has developed new configurations for these systems. The Seward Peninsula Radio Telemetry project utilizes Freewave 900 Mhz spread spectrum radios powered by 12 Volt battery and solar power systems with the overall network encompassing over 5000 square miles. This network is connected to the Internet in Nome. A new radio feature was developed for this project that allows for expanded repeater capabilities, allowing the system to grow beyond pre-existing limits. The North Slope Radio Telemetry project also utilizes Freewave radios, but instead of a going with a traditional hard wired Ethernet connection the radio telemetry network is coupled to a satellite based Internet service provider allowing for deployment of an internet connected radio network virtually anywhere in North America. The development of these networks required new software to control the networks and download data from remote dataloggers. In addition to developing innovative telemetry systems, WERC has developed a low power camera system that can be deployed at a remote weather station and transmit images hourly to the Internet. Pilots, the National Weather Service and most importantly local residents are using these meteorological stations to improve weather forecasts in order to make better travel decisions in remote areas. The first winter of operation has allowed us to learn more about the system installation and work through some ofthe problems associated with operating remote radio sites in Alaska. The current conditions for our Seward Peninsula meteorological stations may be viewed through the Internet at http://www.uaf.edu/water/projects/atlas/metdata/atlasmetsitemap.htm A current image collected at a remote weather station can be viewed at http://www.uaf.edu/water/projects/cpcrw/metdata/crrel/current.html Near-real-time telemetry ofmeteorological data has improved our capability to monitor weather processes, better enabling us to respond to extreme events and allowing more efficient planning offield excursions. Snow scientists and avalanche practitioners could also utilize these telemetry solutions to acquire data in a more timely fashion.

Low cost weather station

Abstract: Last edition, we looked at low-cost intelligent digital femperature sensors and dataloggers that use Dallas Semiconductors' ‘1-wire’ technology. This time we look at the use of a-digital temperature sensor in a low cost weather station.

Merging weather data with materials response data during outdoor exposure

Abstract: As part of an outdoor exposure protocol for a study of sealants, a full weather station was installed at the Forest Products Laboratory field test site near Madison, Wisconsin. Tem-perature, relative humidity, rainfall, ultraviolet (UV) radiation at 18 different wavelengths, and wind speed and direction are continuously measured. Using a specially designed apparatus, sealant specimens are subjected to weather-induced cyclic movement. The load-deflection information and weather data can be correlated to yield information on critical factors affecting the materials performance. This report describes the instrumenta-tion of the outdoor test facility, the data collection system used for the study, and possible methods for analyzing the data. To establish a protocol for future work, two types of sea-lants (high and low modulus) were chosen for the initial phase of the work, to test the concept and to ensure that the specimen and weather data files could be accessed and manipulated. The results show a clear link between the materials response during weath-ering and the weather conditions causing this response. For the outdoor exposure used in this work, weather-induced cyclic fatigue of sealants and documentation of stress and strain during cyclic movement are critical aspects of the experiment.

The Contrast of the Climate Element between the New Station and the Old One of 51463

Abstract: Through the contrast analyze of the meteorological data of the Jianguo Ro. weather station(new) and the Xingfu Ro. weather station ,it is found that the average temperature,the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature of the former are higher than that of the latter,and the average windspeed and precipitation of the former are lower than that of the latter. Based on data analysis some data differeme of the two stations are presented.

Assessment of a Forest-fire Danger Index for Russia Using NOAA Information

Abstract: Introduction To be efficient, modern forest fire managers require a reliable method for estimating fire danger. For large remote forested areas, such as found in Russia where a dense network of local weather station needed to calculate fire danger does not exist, this can be a major problem. However, remote sensing using satellite data can provide reasonable estimates of fire danger across Russia to allow for an understanding of the current fire situation. An algorithm has been developed that can assess current fire danger by inputting ambient weather conditions derived from remote sensing data obtained from NOAA-series satellites. Necessary inputs for calculating fire danger, such as surface temperature, dew-point temperature, and precipitation, are obtained from AVHRR and TOVS satellite data. By generating the final products as maps a concise picture can be presented of fire danger across Russia. In order to understand future fire suppression needs, fire danger predictions for an advanced 7-day period can be made using meteorological forecasts of near surface pressure and air temperatures. The only problem with this type of forecasting is the absence of knowing exactly what precipitation will occur during the forecasted period. This is resolved using an interactive method that continually updates the forecasted fire danger map using current precipitation. One important application of this product for remote sensing will be the ability to classify fire severity on burn scar areas for predicting carbon release better over the vast areas of Russia. This will require the development of fire behavior models that use components of the fire danger systems as key independent variables. Modern wildfire prevention programs cannot be successful unless they are fully supported by fire-danger analysis acquired from detailed daily fire-danger mapping. This enables better coordination and potential success of limited suppression forces. Currently the existing network of weather stations in Russia, especially in remote areas, does not allow for the estimation of fire danger over the entire country. Thus, northern forests are deprived of badly needed fire protection information because of the lack of weather stations. Remote sensing analysis and diagnosis of forest fire danger conditions is an emerging field both in Russia and abroad. The V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest, located in Krasnoyarsk, is supporting research this field and is proposing the development of methodology for generating daily fire weather danger maps based on the digital multispectral images obtained from NOAA satellites. This will allow the computation of fire danger for remote areas without the need for supplementary on-ground weather stations.

A weather information service system and method and a computer program for the implementation of a weather information service system

Abstract: A computer-aided weather information service system and weather information service method, particularly for transmitting wind and marine weather data. The weather information service system includes fixed weather station data systems (1), which are located in fixed weather stations, which collect and form wind and marine weather data, and fixed or mobile user data systems (2), which use wind and marine weather data, between which weather station and user data systems data transmission connection can be established over data transmission path (3, 4). The weather information service method includes a wind and marine weather data collection phase (A) into the weather station data system, a data transmission connection establishing phase (B) between the weather station and user data systems, a data transmission connection phase (C) between the weather station and user data systems, and a data transmission connection disconnecting phase (D) between the weather station and user data systems. It is characteristic of the invention that in the wind and marine weather data collection phase (A), real-time wind and marine weather data is continuously collected from sensors (11) connected to the weather station data system (1), the collected wind and marine weather data is stored in the weather station data system (1) memory (12); that in the data transmission connection establishing phase (B), the settings and properties of modem (13) or network adapter connected to the weather station data system (1) fixed network (3) or other terminal (14) are set for data transmission connection, and that connection from the user data system (2) is established to at least one the weather station data system (1); and that in the data transmission connection phase (C) a wind and/or marine weather data query is sent to the weather station data system (1), and as a response to the query, wind and marine weather data is sent to the user. An object of the present invention is also a computer program for implementing a weather information service method and system according to the invention.