Production and utilization of biochar: A review

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and is the second largest traded commodity after petroleum. Due to the great demand of this product, large amounts of residues are generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent serious environmental problems. Coffee silverskin and spent coffee grounds are the main coffee industry residues, obtained during the beans roasting, and the process to prepare “instant coffee”, respectively. Recently, some attempts have been made to use these residues for energy or value-added compounds production, as strategies to reduce their toxicity levels, while adding value to them. The present article provides an overview regarding coffee and its main industrial residues. In a first part, the composition of beans and their processing, as well as data about the coffee world production and exportation, are presented. In the sequence, the characteristics, chemical composition, and application of the main coffee industry residues are reviewed. Based on these data, it was concluded that coffee may be considered as one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries since its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation, and marketing provide employment for millions of people. As a consequence of this big market, the reuse of the main coffee industry residues is of large importance from environmental and economical viewpoints.

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Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues

Coffee is one of the popular beverages of the world and second largest traded commodity after petroleum. Coffee is cultivated in about 80 countries across the globe and entangles huge business worldwide. Coffee dispensation requires an elevated degree of processing know how and produces large amounts of processing by-products such as coffee pulp and husk, which have limited applications such as fertilizer, livestock feed, compost and such others. Biotechnological applications in the field of industrial residues management promote sustainable development of country's economy. The objectives pertaining to food processing by-products, waste and effluents include the recovery of fine chemicals and production of precious metabolites via chemical and biotechnological processes. Pre-treatments, followed by recovery procedures endow value-added products (natural antioxidants, vitamins, enzymes, cellulose, starch, lipids, proteins, pigments) of high significance to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. With the background of high crop production in the upcoming years, there is an imperative need to counterpart this production with some utilization and industrial application of coffee by-products since coffee industry emerges enormous amounts of coffee by-products which are thriving nutrient resources. The present review highlights explorations of value addition to coffee by-products which can be achieved with valorization strategy, integration of techniques and applications of bioengineering principles in food processing and waste management and secondly conserve environment with disposal problem accelerating both ecological and economical resources.

Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value addition—A review

An overview of the recent development in the production of activated carbon electrodes from agricultural waste biomass for application in supercapacitors is presented. The use of agricultural waste biomass as precursor for the production of activated carbons has been on the increase lately because it is cheap, readily available and also viewed as a veritable way of combating waste disposal problem in the agricultural industries. The effects of activating methods (physical, chemical and microwave-induced) and conditions on the properties of activated carbons are reviewed. The survey of articles published in the last decade indicates the viability of biomass active carbons being used as electrodes in supercapacitors. Under optimum process conditions, active carbons with specific capacitance as high as 374 F g−1 and high-rate long-cycle stability at 4 A g−1 have been produced. In this review, the influence of surface modification on activated carbon properties is also discussed. From the survey literature, it can be seen that the changes in surface chemistry and the introduction of specific surface functionalities on the surface of activated carbons impacted more on the electrochemical properties than the physiochemical properties of the activated carbons.

Recent development in the production of activated carbon electrodes from agricultural waste biomass for supercapacitors: A review

Sulfur-doped porous carbons: Synthesis and applications

Production of activated carbons from coffee endocarp by CO2 and steam activation

Study of sulfur introduction in activated carbon

This paper investigates the use of thermogravimetric analysis to study the kinetics of thermal degradation of ground tire rubber (GTR) obtained from reclaimed tires. We analyzed the composition of GTR and determined the content percentage of its components (volatile compounds, rubber, and ash) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). T 1 and T 2 temperature peaks corresponding to the maximum normalized weight loss rate (NWLR) of the two main rubber components of tires NR (natural rubber) and a BR/SBR (butadiene/styrene-butadiene rubber blend) using the Gaussian deconvolution method has been determined. The influence of GTR particle size and heating rate on reaction rates (dx/dt) and on degradation time during the degradation process has been analyzed.

A. Macias Garcia

Papers

Production of activated carbons from coffee endocarp by CO2 and steam activation

Study of sulfur introduction in activated carbon

Study of Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Elastomeric Powder (Ground Tire Rubber)