There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

MKT 6009 Marketing Internship (0 semester credit hours) Student gains experience and improves skills through appropriate developmental work assignments in a real business environment. Student must identify and submit specific business learning objectives at the beginning of the semester. The student must demonstrate exposure to the managerial perspective via involvement or observation. At semester end, student prepares an oral or poster presentation, or a written paper reflecting on the work experience. Student performance is evaluated by the work supervisor. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: (MAS 6102 or MBA major) and department consent required. (0-0) S MKT 6244 Digital Marketing Strategy (2 semester credit hours) Executive Education Course. The course explores three distinct areas within marketing and sales namely, digital marketing, traditional sales prospecting, and executive sales organization and strategy. The continuing convergence of the digital marketing and sales funnels has created a strategic continuum from digital lead generation to digital sales. The course identifies the current composition of this digital continuum while providing opportunities to evaluate sales and marketing digital strategies. Prerequisites: MKT 6301 and instructor consent required. (2-0) Y MKT 6301 (SYSM 6318) Marketing Management (3 semester credit hours) Overview of marketing management methods, principles and concepts including product, pricing, promotion and distribution decisions as well as segmentation, targeting and positioning. (3-0) S MKT 6309 Marketing Data Analysis and Research (3 semester credit hours) Methods employed in market research and data analysis to understand consumer behavior, customer journeys, and markets so as to enable better decision-making. Topics include understanding different sources of data, survey design, experiments, and sampling plans. The course will cover the techniques used for market sizing estimation and forecasting. In addition, the course will cover the foundational concepts and techniques used in data visualization and \"story-telling\" for clients and management. Corequisites: MKT 6301 and OPRE 6301. (3-0) Y MKT 6310 Consumer Behavior (3 semester credit hours) An exposition of the theoretical perspectives of consumer behavior along with practical marketing implication. Study of psychological, sociological and behavioral findings and frameworks with reference to consumer decision-making. Topics will include the consumer decision-making model, individual determinants of consumer behavior and environmental influences on consumer behavior and their impact on marketing. Prerequisite: MKT 6301. (3-0) Y MKT 6321 Interactive and Digital Marketing (3 semester credit hours) Introduction to the theory and practice of interactive and digital marketing. Topics covered include: online-market research, consumer behavior, conversion metrics, and segmentation considerations; ecommerce, search and display advertising, audiences, search engine marketing, email, mobile, video, social networks, and the Internet of Things. (3-0) T MKT 6322 Internet Business Models (3 semester credit hours) Topics to be covered are: consumer behavior on the Internet, advertising on the Internet, competitive strategies, market research using the Internet, brand management, managing distribution and supply chains, pricing strategies, electronic payment systems, and developing virtual organizations. Further, students learn auction theory, web content design, and clickstream analysis. Prerequisite: MKT 6301. (3-0) Y MKT 6323 Database Marketing (3 semester credit hours) Techniques to analyze, interpret, and utilize marketing databases of customers to identify a firm's best customers, understanding their needs, and targeting communications and promotions to retain such customers. Topics

Marketing for management.

行銷硏究 : Marketing research

This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

Fair Trade emerged as a response to the unjust and inequitable nature of contemporary globalisation It aims at providing greater economic justice to the disadvantaged producers and workers by redesigning the pattern of international trade. This paper gives a brief overview of Fair Trade and critically examines the barriers to the adoption of Fair Trade practices in the conventional international business model. The identified barriers are evaluated using Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. DEMATEL categorised these barriers into influential and influenced group which helps to understand their inter-relationship. The findings suggest that lack of awareness about Fair Trade and absence of well-defined criteria to decide fairness of trade practices are the most influential barrier in mainstreaming the Fair-Trade practices in the business operations. This work empowers policymakers, professionals, consumers, and practitioners to design strategy for adoption of Fair Trade practices to ensure minimum decent living conditions and access to health and education to economically disadvantaged producers, especially women and indigenous people and to protect children from exploitation in the production process.

Facilitating Fair Trade Practices as a Development Strategy

Information technology (IT) enabled supply chain helps in reducing cost and improving supply chain efficiency so as to compete globally. The aim of this paper is to do systematic literature review of IT-enabled supply chain and factors for successful implementation. The research presents the increased focus on supply chain, IT-enabled supply chain and the importance of 12 critical success factors enabling implementation of IT-enabled supply chain. This review will help practitioners in preparing business case for IT-enabled supply chain and focus on factors effecting successful implementation of IT-enabled supply chain. This review helps in collating and presenting the key work done in the past and provides guidance for future research work that can be conducted. Keywords: Supply chain management (SCM), Technology, Information technology (IT), Critical success factors, Barriers, IT-enabled supply chain.

Information Technology Enabled Supply Chain: A Systematic Literature Review

Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to manufacturing of products or prototypes using layer by layer addition of material. It is quite different from traditional manufacturing which is essentially classified as subtractive manufacturing. AM technology has tremendous versatile applications in the healthcare sector, thus making it a popular choice of the sector. AM technology is not only used for training and simulation products but also for producing medical tools and equipment. This paper discusses the current status of various healthcare applications of AM and the factors affecting implementation of AM in Indian Healthcare Sector.

Current Status, Applications, and Factors Affecting Implementation of Additive Manufacturing in Indian Healthcare Sector: A Literature-Based Review

There are many rapid prototyping machine available in the market and all of them have their own advantages and limitations. When the time come to purchase a new machine it is a crucial decision to select best alternate available in the market. Here in this paper analytical network process approach is applied to this problem. This approach help in selecting best machine among the available options. A Frame work was developed in previous paper 1 for Selection of RP Technology based on some qualitative and quantitative attributes. In this paper Multi criteria based decision making Analytical Network Process Approach (ANP) is used for ranking and its sensitivity analysis done for robustness of framework.

Rapid prototyping technology ranking using an anp approach and its sensitivity analysis

The main objective of the manufacturing is to find a compromise between productivity and high efficiency. To achieve the goal, Industry have to solve many number of problems at the manufacturing floor. The author has conducted number of experiments on different manufacturing industries and collected processing time of each part in the cell and total time of completion and weekly production of the Firms and the same are considered by author for this research work to establish the objectivity of this work Three objectives function namely, minimizing the mean flow time; maximization of throughput; Combination of minimization of mean flow time and maximization of throughput has been developed. Mean flow time and throughput were calculated from conventional techniques as well as optimization techniques namely Genetic Algorithm and simulating annealing techniques. Results from both the optimization techniques were compared. From the results obtained by the execution of all the primitive and deterministic approaches on the sample problems with varying complexities.

Abid Haleem

Papers

Facilitating Fair Trade Practices as a Development Strategy

Information Technology Enabled Supply Chain: A Systematic Literature Review

Current Status, Applications, and Factors Affecting Implementation of Additive Manufacturing in Indian Healthcare Sector: A Literature-Based Review

Rapid prototyping technology ranking using an anp approach and its sensitivity analysis

Optimal Design of a Production System