Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism B Biointerfaces

The world is seeing a quick segment move towards a more established populace, a pattern with significant clinical, social, monetary and political ramifications. Maturing is a multifaceted procedure, including various sub-atomic and cell components with regards to various organ frameworks. A urgent part of maturing is a lot of useful and auxiliary adjustments in the invulnerable framework that can show as a diminished capacity to battle contamination, lessened reaction to inoculation, increased incidence of cancer, higher prevalence of autoimmunity and constitutive lowgrade inflammation, among others. In addition to cell-intrinsic changes in both innate and adaptive immune cells, alteration in the stromal microenvironment in primary and secondary lymphoid organs plays an important role in age-associated immune dysfunction. This review will provide a broad overview of these phenomena and point out some of their clinical and therapeutic implications. This review study setting, discussing the gradual aging immune system. Data for this study is collected from different search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, MeSH, Semantic scholar, Cochrane, NCBI, Medline, core science. A total of 53 articles were selected. The aging of the immune system is associated with dramatic changes in the distribution and competence of immune cells. Anti-Aging therapy should aim at prolonging T cells’ survival while weakening inflammation prone to innate immunity.

https://cibg.org.au/article_9867_6aed416d016740a2632725618ea66e22.pdf

Aging and Immune System: An Overview

Background: The aim of the present study was to define and evaluate the post-treatment recurrence of unicystic and solid or multicystic ameloblastoma lesions, measured as counts of first time recurrences. Methods: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis was planned according to the PRISMA statement and in order to include randomized and non-randomized clinical trials and observational studies in humans. Seven electronic databases were searched from their start up to December 2013 without limitation to year, language or publication status. Results: A total of seven non-randomized studies with 229 cases of treated ameloblastoma lesions were included in the quantitative synthesis. The summary recurrence rate of ameloblastomas for the unicystic and solid or multicystic variants ranged from 0.2% to 12% and 0.8% to 38% respectively. The comparison of a conservative treatment approach versus radical in solid or multicystic ameloblastoma favored the radical. Conclusions: The absence of studies with low risk of bias precludes the making of strong clinical recommendations while resection may be preferable in both unicystic and solid or multicystic. ameloblastomas.

Recurrence rates of intraosseous ameloblastomas of the jaws: a systematic review of conservative versus aggressive treatment approaches and meta-analysis of non-randomized studies.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) exhibit a survival rate of less than 60% and 40%, respectively. Late-stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies make both OSCC and ESCC a significant health burden. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, involves the degradation of intracellular components to maintain cell homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a feasible therapeutic strategy with clinical utility in cancer treatment, although its associated regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The detection of relevant biomarkers in biological fluids has been anticipated to facilitate early diagnosis and/or prognosis for these tumors. In this context, recent studies have indicated the presence of specific proteins and small RNAs, detectable in circulating plasma and serum, as biomarkers. Interestingly, the interplay between biomarkers (eg, exosomal microRNAs) and autophagic processes could be exploited in the quest for targeted and more effective therapies for OSCC and ESCC. In this review, we give an overview of the available biomarkers and innovative targeted therapeutic strategies, including the application of autophagy modulators in OSCC and ESCC. Additionally, we provide a viewpoint on the state of the art and on future therapeutic perspectives combining the early detection of relevant biomarkers with drug discovery for the treatment of OSCC and ESCC.

Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Ameloblastoma are the most common odontogenic tumor. As they usually do not form metastasis, they are considered as benign tumors with a locally invasive growth pattern and destruction of the jaws and the surrounding tissue (Oral Diseases, 23, 2017, 199). This article focuses on clinical, radiological, and therapeutic findings, which may influence diagnosis and treatment of ameloblastoma in the future.

Ameloblastoma-Clinical, radiological, and therapeutic findings.

Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of CYP2C9 polymorphism among healthy controls and oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) patients and to analyze the risk of developing the disease To check the interaction between CYP2C9 wild type and polymorphic variants with Benzo[a]pyrene using molecular docking analysis Study design The study was conducted among 46 OSCC patients and 46 controls Amplification of the genomic DNA was done using allele specific polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis Molecular docking was then carried out to find the interaction of CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 with Benzo[a]pyrene Results CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphism among OSCC group was 174% and 152% respectively, and among control group was 87% and 65% The OSCC group showed a statistically significant (p value 0043) increase in prevalence of CYP2C9 polymorphic variants when compared to the controls The docking analysis showed Benzo[a]pyrene to bind specifically to the altered single nucleotide catalytic site in the polymorphic CYP2C9*3 enzyme Conclusion This study demonstrates that functionally important CYP2C9 polymorphism exists among OSCC patients with modest increase in risk of developing the disease among those individuals who acquire these poor metabolizing variants The modified docking of CYP2C9*3 with Benzo[a]pyrene signifies an altered metabolism in vivo

CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene.

Whole saliva is mainly composed of fluid produced by major and minor salivary glands. Major salivary glands including parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, are known to secrete fluid transported from serum as well as surrounding glandular tissues [1]. Beside the secretions from salivary glands, oral mucosa, periodontium, as well as oral microflora also contribute to the final content of whole saliva [1]. Whole saliva therefore represents a complex balance among local and systemic sources [2]. This allows for the application of saliva in the diagnosis not only for salivary gland disorders but also for oral diseases and systemic conditions [2]. The role of saliva as a diagnostic tool in detecting Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Articles published in PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, GOOGLE, manual search and back references of the articles for last 5 years extracted 77 articles. Studies which considered saliva as a diagnostic tool were included. Statistical analysis with Receivers Operating Curve to establish sensitivity and specificity of the salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool to detect Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were included for meta analysis. The measure of effect with 95% confidence interval were meta analysed for 9 articles in which 308 healthy individuals compared with 340 patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Highly sensitive salivary biomarkers for detecting Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were MMP-9, Chemerin, Choline + Betaine + Pipecolinic Acid + I – Carnitine(confidence interval ranges from 0.83–1.0). The narrow confidence interval of 0.95 + (0.88–1.00) was seen for MMP-9 followed by 1.00 + (0.78–1.00) for chemerin. Highly specific biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were MMP-9 (specificity −100%,), Chemerin(specificity-100%), over expressed mi RNA 136 with specificity of 0.88(0.69–0.97), under expressed mi RNA 27B with specificity of 1.0(0.66–1.00). Saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool with highly sensitive and specific markers namely MMP-9, Chemerin for early detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - a Systematic Review with Meta Analysis.

Aim: Evaluating the awareness of use, scope and ethics of dental photography in everyday practice among undergraduate dental students.
Background:
 Photography often represents the best method to collect and preserve evidences. The attention towards the advanced photographic presentation in dentistry has increased significantly over the past several decades. Advancements in technology, computers, the internet and communication systems have greatly affected and shaped modern society. The main purpose of photography in dentistry is the registration of clinical information in the oral cavity. It also finds application for the purposes of dento legal documentation, to improve the learning process, communication and dental marketing. These applications improve the status of the dental practice as well as the quality of work and services.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional institution based study conducted among 176 undergraduate dental students. 176 undergraduate dental students of 3rd, 4th and 5th year of age group 21-25 years were included in the study. Each student was given a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a set of 11 questions. Both yes or no and multiple choice questions were present. The answers were tabulated and statistically analyzed.
Results:
 All the students in the study were found to routinely use dental photography in their regular practice.82% of the students took some form of consent from the patient before taking the photograph and 93% maintained the confidentiality if the patient in social forums, Presentations and research publications. 62% of the participants are aware of a course called dental photography and 34% have already attended a course in dental photography.
Conclusion:
Combining a passion for photography with a dedication to dentistry will help us to successfully record patients cases and have a better proposition in teaching, motivation, treatment and follow up.

Awareness about the use, Ethics and Scope of Dental Photography among Undergraduate Dental Students Dentist Behind the lens

Aim: To assess the efficacy of liquid paraffin as a rehydrant for air dried buccal smear based on the nuclear and cytoplasmic details. Background: Buccal smear is useful for diagnosing Malignancy, Fungal infection, Viral infection and Vesicullobullous dermatoses. The routine practice is to wetfixthe smear and send them to the laboratory for staining and evaluation by a cytopathologist. But drying of smears is inevitable, especially when the aspirate is less and when there is improper fixation. This can cause drying artifacts. An alternative method for overcoming this problem is intentional air drying followed by rehydration. Many rehydrants have been experimented upon. The most common rehydrant being saline. The present study is done to check the efficacy of liquid paraffin as a rehydrant. Material and methods: 2 sets of 20 buccal smears were collected from the patients. One set air dried for 24 hours and the other wet fixed. Conventional pap staining was then carried out. The slides were examined by two observers for preservation of Nuclear and cytoplasmic details based on the semi quantitative scoring system. Results: Excellent nuclear details were seen in 45% of air dried smear compared to 25%in routine wet fixation. The cytoplasmic details of air dried smear and routine wet fixed smear was the same. Conclusion: Liquid paraffin as a rehydrant has shown promising results and the nuclear details were found to marginally better than in routine wet fixed smear. Air dried buccal smears can be used in routine practice especially in rural areas where there is limited access to laboratories and for mass screening.

Liquid Paraffin as a Rehydrant for Air Dried Buccal Smear

Aim: The aim of the study is to analyse the knowledge about oral lesions, the symptoms of such lesions and their attitude towards the treatment of these problems faced by institutionalised geriatric individuals. Methods and Materials: This questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 103 institutionalised elders residing at various institutions. The questionnaire consisted of questions that addressed the medical and dental issues faced by the institutionalised elders and assessed their knowledge and attitude towards dental health. All the received responses were tabulated and the results were represented graphically. Results: The results of the study showed that 44.66% of the elders underwent medical check-up once yearly and 72.82% of them visited the dentist. Of all 103 elders, none of them used dentures in spite of being edentulous and only 29.13% had any knowledge about oral lesions while the rest had no knowledge of the oral lesion and considered these lesions to be normal changes with increasing age. Conclusions: The findings of the present study demonstrate the need to improve access to oral healthcare and dental health education for the institutionalised elder population. In spite of the limitations of the study, we were able to record the obvious lack of dental hygiene practises, neglect and lack of motivation for proper dental care.

Abilasha Ramasubramanian

Papers

CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene.

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - a Systematic Review with Meta Analysis.

Awareness about the use, Ethics and Scope of Dental Photography among Undergraduate Dental Students Dentist Behind the lens

Liquid Paraffin as a Rehydrant for Air Dried Buccal Smear

Knowledge, Attitude and practice survey on the perspective of oral lesions and dental health in geriatric patients residing in old age homes