Over the past 20 years, neuroimaging has become a predominant technique in systems neuroscience. One might envisage that over the next 20 years the neuroimaging of distributed processing and connectivity will play a major role in disclosing the brain's functional architecture and operational principles. The inception of this journal has been foreshadowed by an ever-increasing number of publications on functional connectivity, causal modeling, connectomics, and multivariate analyses of distributed patterns of brain responses. I accepted the invitation to write this review with great pleasure and hope to celebrate and critique the achievements to date, while addressing the challenges ahead.

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Functional and effective connectivity: a review.

LaBar and Cabeza review the powerful effects of emotion on memory. These influences are mediated by the amygdala and its interactions with medial temporal and prefrontal regions, and affect memory from the encoding and consolidation stages through to long-term retrieval.

/pdf/cognitive-neuroscience-of-emotional-memory-4ysnwazj1n.pdf

Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory

Emotionally significant experiences tend to be well remembered, and the amygdala has a pivotal role in this process. But the efficient encoding of emotional memories can become maladaptive - severe stress often turns them into a source of chronic anxiety. Here, we review studies that have identified neural correlates of stress-induced modulation of amygdala structure and function - from cellular mechanisms to their behavioural consequences. The unique features of stress-induced plasticity in the amygdala, in association with changes in other brain regions, could have long-term consequences for cognitive performance and pathological anxiety exhibited in people with affective disorders.

Stress, memory and the amygdala

Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings

https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~wpenny/publications/bms_group09.pdf

Bayesian model selection for group studies.

https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/S0896-6273(06)00008-0.pdf

Task and Content Modulate Amygdala-Hippocampal Connectivity in Emotional Retrieval

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_2614721_3/component/file_2622714/RD_Remembrance_2004.pdf

Remembrance of Odors Past: Human Olfactory Cortex in Cross-Modal Recognition Memory

In two experiments, we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited in an old/new recognition memory test by emotionally neutral visual objects that, at encoding, had been associated with neutrally, negatively, or positively valenced background contexts. In Experiment 2, subjects also judged the context in which the item had been studied. In Experiment 1, ''left parietal'' old/new ERP effects were elicited by correctly recognized items. Items encoded in emotional contexts, but not those studied in neutral contexts, elicited additional effects early in the recording epoch over lateral temporal scalp and, later, over left temporo-frontal scalp. In Experiment 2, ''left parietal'' and ''right frontal'' ERP effects were elicited by recognized items that attracted correct source judgments. Additional effects, an early lateral temporal positivity and a late-onset, left-sided positivity, were elicited by items studied in emotionally valenced contexts and attracting correct source judgments. Together, the findings indicate that retrieval processing is influenced by the emotional valence of the context in which an item is encoded, regardless of whether contextual information is task relevant.

/pdf/event-related-potential-correlates-of-the-retrieval-of-l93xb0ap4a.pdf

Event-Related Potential Correlates of the Retrieval of Emotional and Nonemotional Context

There is considerable evidence that encoding and consolidation of memory are modulated by emotion, but the retrieval of emotional memories is not well characterized. Here we manipulated the emotional context with which affectively neutral stimuli were associated during encoding, allowing us to examine neural activity associated with retrieval of emotional memories without confounding the emotional attributes of cue items and the retrieved context. Using a source memory procedure we were also able to compare how retrieval processing was modulated when the emotional encoding context was recollected or not. An interaction between emotional encoding context and accuracy of source memory revealed that successful retrieval of emotional context was associated with activity in left amygdala, and a left frontotemporal network including anterior insula, prefrontal cortex and cingulate. In contrast, when contextual retrieval was unsuccessful, items encoded in emotional contexts elicited enhanced activity in right amygdala and a right-lateralized network that included extrastriate visual areas. These findings indicate distinct effects of emotion on successful and unsuccessful retrieval of source information, including lateralization of amygdala responses.

https://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/personal/rik.henson/personal/SmithEtAl_LM_05.pdf

Adam P.R. Smith

Papers

Task and Content Modulate Amygdala-Hippocampal Connectivity in Emotional Retrieval

Remembrance of Odors Past: Human Olfactory Cortex in Cross-Modal Recognition Memory

Event-Related Potential Correlates of the Retrieval of Emotional and Nonemotional Context

Modulation of retrieval processing reflects accuracy of emotional source memory.