世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6.pdf

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

The global burden of disease.

In China, health care providers have traditionally been paid fee-for-service and overprescribing and high out-of-pocket spending are common. In this study, township health centers in two counties were assigned almost randomly to two groups: in one, fee-for-service was replaced by a global capitated budget; in the other, by a mix of global capitated budget and pay-for-performance. Performance captured inter alia "irrational" drug prescribing; 20 percent of the global capitated budget was withheld each quarter, points were deducted for failure to meet targets, and some of the withheld budget was returned in line with the points deducted. Outcomes included appropriate prescribing and prescription cost, data on which were obtained by digitizing prescriptions from a month just before the reform and from the same month a year later. Impacts were assessed via multivariate differences-in-differences with township health center fixed effects. To reduce bias from non-randomness in assignment, the sample was trimmed by coarsened exact matching. Pay-for-performance reduced inappropriate prescribing significantly and substantially in the county where the initial level was above the penalty threshold, but end-line rates were still appreciable; no effects were seen in the county where initial levels were around or below the threshold, or on out-of-pocket spending in either county.

https://www.rbfhealth.org/sites/rbf/files/The%20Impact%20of%20a%20Pay-for-Performance%20Scheme%20on%20Prescription%20Quality%20in%20Rural%20China%20-%20Impact%20Evaluation.pdf

The impact of a pay-for-performance scheme on prescription quality in rural China : an impact evaluation

Causes of inequality in health : who you are? where you live? or who your parents were?

Value judgments lurk beneath the surface in any study of health inequalities; analystsought to understand them, make them explicit, and present results transparently to policymakersso that they, rather than analysts, decide which set of value judgments should beinvoked. The authors emphasize that the value judgment between attainment and shortfall gets intertwined in practice with the value judgment of whether it is absolute or relative inequality that matters.The fact is that the two types of inequality are not just related to one another, but are related in such a way that we can say which type of inequality is harder to reduce: reducingabsolute inequality is a good deal harder than reducing relative inequality.

/pdf/commentary-value-judgments-in-health-inequality-measurement-4fhq1kab8c.pdf

Commentary: Value Judgments in Health Inequality Measurement.

following World Bank–managed trust funds: Health Results Innovation Trust Fund; Global Financing for Women, Children and Adolescents; and the Knowledge for Program.

Improving Effective Coverage in Health: Do Financial Incentives Work?

What major insights have emerged from development economics in the past decade, and how do they matter for the World Bank? This challenging question was recently posed by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the staff of the Development Research Group. This paper assembles a set of 13 short, nontechnical briefing notes prepared in response to this request, summarizing a selection of major insights in development economics in the past decade. The notes synthesize evidence from recent research on how policies should be designed, implemented, and evaluated, and provide illustrations of what works and what does not in selected policy areas.

Adam Wagstaff

Papers

The impact of a pay-for-performance scheme on prescription quality in rural China : an impact evaluation

Causes of inequality in health : who you are? where you live? or who your parents were?

Commentary: Value Judgments in Health Inequality Measurement.

Improving Effective Coverage in Health: Do Financial Incentives Work?

Toward Successful Development Policies : Insights from Research in Development Economics