世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6.pdf

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

The global burden of disease.

La pobreza y la mala salud son fenomenos interrelacionados. Los paises pobres tienden a presentar peores resultados sanitarios que los mas pudientes, y dentro de cada pais las personas pobres tienen mas problemas de salud que las acomodadas. Esta asociacion refleja una relacion de causalidad que funciona en los dos sentidos: la pobreza genera mala salud, y la mala salud hace que los pobres sigan siendo pobres. En este articulo se examinan las pruebas disponibles respecto a las desigualdades sanitarias entre las personas pobres y las que no lo son, asi como respecto a las repercusiones que en forma de empobrecimiento y desigualdad de ingresos pueden tener los gastos en atencion de salud. Se hace una exposicion sucinta de los actuales conocimientos sobre las causas de las desigualdades y sobre la eficacia de las politicas destinadas a combatirlas, y se senala que es demasiado poco lo que se sabe acerca de los efectos de esas politicas, pese a las abundantes tecnicas de medicion disponibles y a los muchos datos obtenidos sobre la magnitud y las causas de las desigualdades.

/pdf/pobreza-y-desigualdades-en-el-sector-de-la-salud-510g1kz7hr.pdf

Pobreza y desigualdades en el sector de la salud

The authors report the results of a review of the Chinese-language and English-language literatures on service delivery in China, asking how well China's health care providers perform, what determines their performance, and how the government can improve it. They find current performance leaves room for improvementin terms of quality, responsiveness to patients, efficiency, cost escalation, and equity. The literature suggests that these problems will not be solved by simply shifting ownership to the private sector, or by simply encouraging providers-public and private-to compete with one another for individual patients. In contrast, substantial improvements could be (and in some places have already been) made by changing the way providers are paid-shifting away from fee-for-service and the distorted price schedule toward prospective payments. Active purchasing by insurers could further improve outcomes.

Health Service Delivery in China: A Literature Review

This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population (HNP) Family of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to the members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.

Socio-economic differences in health nutrition and population. Malawi 1992 2000.

In policy and political discourse, “equality of opportunity” is the new motherhood and apple pie. It is often contrasted with equality of outcomes, with the latter coming off worse. Equality of outcomes is seen variously as Utopian, as infeasible, as detrimental to incentives, and even as inequitable if outcomes are the result of differing efforts. Equality of opportunity, on the other hand, is interchangeable with phrases such as ‘leveling the playing field’, ‘giving everybody an equal start’ and ‘making the most of inherent talents.’ In its strongest form, the position is that equality of outcomes should be irrelevant to policy; what matters is equality of opportunity.

How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct

In many countries health services and/or health insurance are delivered but also partly financed by subnational entities that vary in their fiscal or financial capacity, e.g. local governments and social health insurance schemes. The central government typically mandates a specific (or at least minimum) level of benefit or expenditure per intended beneficiary, and sets rules about enrollment and coverage. It also typically contributes to the cost of the program, partly because the resources of subnational entities may be insufficient, on average, to meet the expenditure requirements, but partly for equity reasons. These two problems are typically addressed through tax-transfer schemes. In practice, there is considerable institutional heterogeneity across countries in the mix of vertical and horizontal schemes, and the way each works. In this Note, we show how the progressivity of health outlays by subnational entities can be decomposed into contributions from vertical and horizontal schemes, and how each of these can be further decomposed into contributions from taxes and transfers. We suggest that, in addition to providing a foundation for future empirical work, the decomposition provides some insights into the reasons for different institutional choices, and into the way vertical and horizontal tax-transfer schemes operate in practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Adam Wagstaff

Papers

Pobreza y desigualdades en el sector de la salud

Health Service Delivery in China: A Literature Review

Socio-economic differences in health nutrition and population. Malawi 1992 2000.

How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct

Progressivity in the financing of decentralized government health programs: a decomposition.