Showing papers by "Alan D. Baddeley published in 2002"

Is Working Memory Still Working? 1Copyright © 2001 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission from the original publication: Baddeley A. (2001). “Is Working Memory Still Working?”American Psychologist, 56,849-864. This re-prin...

Abstract: The current state of A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch's (1974) multicomponent working memory model is reviewed. The phonological and visuospatial subsystems have been extensively investigated, leading both to challenges over interpretation of individual phenomena and to more detailed attempts to model the processes underlying the subsystems. Analysis of the controlling central executive has proved more challenging, leading to a proposed clarification in which the executive is assumed to be a limited capacity attentional system, aided by a newly postulated fourth system, the episodic buffer. Current interest focuses most strongly on the link between working memory and long-term memory and on the processes allowing the integration of information from the component subsystems. The model has proved valuable in accounting for data from a wide range of participant groups under a rich array of task conditions. Working memory does still appear to be working.

The handbook of memory disorders

Abstract: About the Editors. List of Contributors. Preface. Preface to the First Edition. SECTION I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. The Psychology of Memory (A. Baddeley). Neurobiological Foundations of Human Memory (D. Tranel and A. Damasio). Functional Neuroimaging of Memory (M. Rugg). The Medial Temporal Lobe and Memory for Facts and Events (J. Manns and L. Squire). Connectionist Models for Memory Disorders (J. Murre). Psychopharmacology of Human Memory (H. Curran and H. Weingartner). SECTION II: VARIETIES OF MEMORY DISORDER. The Amnesic Syndrome: Overview and Subtypes (M. O'Connor and M. Verfaillie). Theories of Anterograde Amnesia (A. Mayes). Retrograde Amnesia (M. Kopelman). Transient Global Amnesia (G. Goldenberg). Recovery of Memory Function in Neurological Disease (N. Kapur and K. Graham). Neuropsychological Impairments of Verbal Short-term Memory (G. Vallar and C. Papagano). Neuropsychological Impairments of Visual and Spatial Working Memory (S. Della Sala and R. Logie). Disorders of Semantic Memory (J. Snowden). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Confabulation: A Review and a Model (A. Gilboa and M. Moscovitch). Frontal Lobes and Memory (J. Baldo and A. Shimamura). Posttraumatic Amnesia and Residual Memory Deficit after Closed Head Injury (H. Levin and G. Hanten). Schizophrenia (P. McKenna et al.). Memory and Emotional Disorder (T. Dalgleish and S. Cox). Psychogenic Amnesia (M. Kopelman). SECTION III: DEVELOPMENT AND MEMORY. Memory Development During the Childhood Years (S. Gathercole). Children with Intellectual Disabilities (S. Vicari and G. Carlesimo). Developmental Amnesias and Accquired Amnesias of Childhood (C. Temple). Memory in Elderly People (J. Kester et al.). The Memory Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease (J. Becker and A. Overman) Memory Disorders in Subcortical Dementia (J. Brandt and C. Munro). SECTION IV: ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MEMORY PROBLEMS. Assessment of Memory Disorders (B. Wilson). Separating Memory from Other Cognitive Disorders (D. Howieson and M. Lezak). Management and Remediation of Memory Problems in Brain-injured Adults (B. Wilson). Assessment and Management of Memory Problems in Children (J. Middleton). Assessment and Intervention in Dementia of Alzheimer Type (L. Clare). Reducing the Impact of Cognitive Impairment in Dementia (B. Woods). External Memory Aids and Computers in Memory Rehabilitation (N. Kapur et al.). Emotional and Social Consequences of Memory Disorders (R. Tate). Author Index. Subject Index.

Is working memory still working

Abstract: The current state of A.D. Baddeley and G.J. Hitch's (1974) multicomponent working memory model is reviewed. The phonological and visuospatial subsystems have been extensively investigated, leading both to challenges over interpretation of individual phenomena and to more detailed attempts to model the processes underlying the subsystems. Analysis of the controlling central executive has proved more challenging, leading to a proposed clarification in which the executive is assumed to be a limited capacity attentional system, aided by a newly postulated fourth system, the episodic buffer. Current interest focuses most strongly on the link between working memory and long-term memory and on the processes allowing the integration of information from the component subsystems. The model has proved valuable in accounting for data from a wide range of participant groups under a rich array of task conditions. Working memory does still appear to be working.

Concurrent performance of two memory tasks: evidence for domain-specific working memory systems.

Abstract: Previous studies of dual-task coordination in working memory have shown a lack of dual-task interference when a verbal memory task is combined with concurrent perceptuomotor tracking. Two experiments are reported in which participants were required to perform pairwise combinations of (1) a verbal memory task, a visual memory task, and perceptuomotor tracking (Experiment 1), and (2) pairwise combinations of the two memory tasks and articulatory suppression (Experiment 2). Tracking resulted in no disruption of the verbal memory preload over and above the impact of a delay in recall and showed only minimal disruption of the retention of the visual memory load. Performing an ongoing verbal memory task had virtually no impact on retention of a visual memory preload or vice versa, indicating that performing two demanding memory tasks results in little mutual interference. Experiment 2 also showed minimal disruption when the two memory tasks were combined, although verbal memory (but not visual memory) was clearly disrupted by articulatory suppression interpolated between presentation and recall. These data suggest that a multiple-component working memory model provides a better account for performance in concurrent immediate memory tasks than do theories that assume a single processing and storage system or a limited-capacity attentional system coupled with activated memory traces.

Verbal short-term memory in Down syndrome: a problem of memory, audition, or speech?

Abstract: The current study explored three possible explanations of poor verbal short-term memory performance among individuals with Down syndrome in an attempt to determine whether the condition is associat...

Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren

Abstract: Cross-sectional studies of the relationship between helminth infection and cognitive function can be informative in ways that treatment studies cannot However, interpretation of results of many previous studies has been complicated by the failure to control for many potentially confounding variables We gave Tanzanian schoolchildren aged 9-14 a battery of 11 cognitive and three educational tests and assessed their level of helminth infection We also took measurements of an extensive range of potentially confounding or mediating factors such as socioeconomic and educational factors, anthropometric and other biomedical measures A total of 272 children were moderately or heavily infected with Schistosoma haematobium, hookworm or both helminth species and 117 were uninfected with either species Multiple regression analyses, controlling for all confounding and mediating variables, revealed that children with a heavy S haematobium infection had significantly lower scores than uninfected children on two tests of verbal short-term memory and two reaction time tasks In one of these tests the effect was greatest for children with poor nutritional status There was no association between infection and educational achievement, nor between moderate infection with either species of helminth and performance on the cognitive tests We conclude that children with heavy worm burdens and poor nutritional status are most likely to suffer cognitive impairment, and the domains of verbal short-term memory and speed of information processing are those most likely to be affected

Episodic memory : new directions in research

Abstract: The term 'episodic memory' refers to our memory for unique, personal experiences, that we can date at some point in our past - our first day at school, the day we got married. It has again become a topic of great importance and interest to psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers. How are such memories stored in the brain, why do certain memories disappear (especially those from early in childhood), what causes false memories (memories of events we erroneously believe have really taken place)? Since Endel Tulving's classic book 'Episodic memory' (OUP, 1983) very few books have been published on this topic. In recent years however, many of the assumptions made about episodic memory have had to be reconsidered as a result of new techniques, which have allowed us a far deeper understanding of episodic memory. In 'Episodic memory: new directions in research' three of the worlds leading researchers in the topic of memory have brought together a stellar team of contributors from the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and neuroscience, to present an account of what we now know about about this fundamentally important topic. The list of contributors includes, amongst others, Daniel Schacter, Richard Morris, Fareneh Vargha-Khadem, and Endel Tulving. The work presented within this book will have a profound effect on the direction that future research in this topic will take.

Is the word length effect in STM entirely attributable to output delay? Evidence from serial recognition

Abstract: Although it is generally accepted that the word length effect in short-term memory operates through output delay or interference, there is less agreement on whether it also influences performance through its impact on rehearsal. We investigated this issue by studying the effect of word length on recall and on a recognition task in which output delay was controlled. Word sequences were repeated exactly, or with one pair of words reversed. Two experiments using auditory presentation showed clear word length effects for both recall and serial recognition, although the magnitude of the effect tended to be less for recognition. A third experiment using visual presentation studied the effect of articulatory suppression during the recognition test; again we found a clear word length effect. It is concluded that the word length effect can influence retention through both rehearsal and output factors, as proposed by the phonological loop hypothesis.

Working memory and language processing

Abstract: A brief account of the concept of working memory is presented, followed by a more detailed description of one sub-component of the system, namely the phonological loop. The question of the functional significance of this component of working memory is discussed. Evidence suggests a minor role in language comprehension, together with a much more substantial role in the capacity to acquire novel phonological, and possibly grammatical forms. It is suggested that the phonological loop has evolved as a mechanism for language acquisition.