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Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom

Michel Foucault takes the reader on a serendipitous journey in tracing the history of madness from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Utilizing original documents, the author recreates the mood, the place, and the proper perspective in the history of madness. Madness or folly is viewed as part of the human condition and to be examined and illuminated through one of its many facets. At the end of the Middle Ages madness was seen either as a tragic or comic phenomenon. The Renaissance, with Erasmus' Praise of Folly , demonstrated how imagination and its derivatives were to thinkers of that day. The French Revolution introduced the so-called medical approach. Madness is a ubiquitous phenomenon that has common roots not only in medicine but in poetry and tragedy. Shakespeare brilliantly describes psychological phenomena with even greater clarity than Tuke or Wills. The author weaves a fascinating history showing the changing pattern of

Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.

Nonlinear Oscillations: Exact Solutions and their Approximations

Influenza

Decomposition studies of vertebrate remains primarily focus on data that can be seen with the naked eye, such as arthropod or vertebrate scavenger activity, with little regard for what might be occurring with the microorganism community. Here, we discuss the necrobiome, or community of organisms associated with the decomposition of remains, specifically, the “epinecrotic” bacterial community succession throughout decomposition of vertebrate carrion. Pyrosequencing was used to (1) detect and identify bacterial community abundance patterns that described discrete time points of the decomposition process and (2) identify bacterial taxa important for estimating physiological time, a time–temperature metric that is often commensurate with minimum post-mortem interval estimates, via thermal summation models. There were significant bacterial community structure differences in taxon richness and relative abundance patterns through the decomposition process at both phylum and family taxonomic classification levels. We found a significant negative linear relationship for overall phylum and family taxon richness as decomposition progressed. Additionally, we developed a statistical model using high throughput sequencing data of epinecrotic bacterial communities on vertebrate remains that explained 94.4 % of the time since placement of remains in the field, which was within 2–3 h of death. These bacteria taxa are potentially useful for estimating the minimum post-mortem interval. Lastly, we provide a new framework and standard operating procedure of how this novel approach of using high throughput metagenomic sequencing has remarkable potential as a new forensic tool. Documenting and identifying differences in bacterial communities is key to advancing knowledge of the carrion necrobiome and its applicability in forensic science.

The potential use of bacterial community succession in forensics as described by high throughput metagenomic sequencing

Background
"Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia", is the causative agent of witches' broom disease in Mexican lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia L.), and is responsible for major losses of Mexican lime trees in Southern Iran and Oman. The pathogen is strictly biotrophic, and thus is completely dependent on living host cells for its survival. The molecular basis of compatibility and disease development in this system is poorly understood. Therefore, we have applied a cDNA- amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach to analyze gene expression in Mexican lime trees infected by "Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia".

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Identification of genes differentially expressed during interaction of Mexican lime tree infected with "Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia".

In this work, the variational iteration method (VIM) is used to solve a class of fractional optimal control problems (FOCPs). New Lagrange multipliers are determined and some new iterative formulas are presented. The fractional derivative (FD) in these problems is in the Caputo sense. The necessary optimality conditions are achieved for FOCPs in terms of associated Euler–Lagrange equations and then the VIM is used to solve the resulting fractional differential equations. This technique rapidly provides the convergent successive approximations of the exact solution and the solutions approach the classical solutions of the problem as the order of the FDs approaches 1. To achieve the solution of the FOCPs using VIM, four illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method.

An iterative approach for solving fractional optimal control problems

Solving constrained engineering optimization problems is a highly significant issue, and many different approaches have been proposed in this regard. In this article, a modified farmland fertility algorithm (FFA) has been proposed. This algorithm improves new solutions by benefiting from neighborhoods produced by the new method. In the proposed algorithm, the FFA algorithm phases are modified in the update functions, and some of its variables are replaced with new ones. In the first phase of the algorithm, a mutation is also used to improve the solution of the problem with a particular rule. The results on CEC2019 standard functions were examined to determine the impact of the new parameters. Experiments were performed on 26 standard functions and two constrained engineering optimization problems. To make a better comparison, the analysis of variance, without parameters such as the Friedman test and Pairwise test, was used to evaluate and compare the algorithms. These experiments showed that the proposed algorithm is capable of high‐speed convergence and can minimize most standard functions and engineering constraints within the minimum time and the least function evaluation to the optimum value. The proposed FFA could outperform the previous version of the FFA with minimum modification in convergence, CPU‐time, and complexity.

A modified farmland fertility algorithm for solving constrained engineering problems

The avian influenza subtype H9N2 is considered a low pathogenic virus which is endemic in domestic poultry of a majority of Asian countries. Many reports of seropositivity in occupationally poultry-exposed workers and a number of confirmed human infections with an H9N2 subtype of avian influenza have been documented up to now. Recently, the human infections with both H7N9 and H10N8 viruses highlighted that H9N2 has a great potential for taking a part in the emergence of new human-infecting viruses. This review aimed at discussing the great potential of H9N2 virus which is circulating at avian-human interface, for cross-species transmission, contribution in the production of new reassortants and emergence of new pandemic subtypes. An intensified surveillance is needed for controlling the future risks which would be created by H9N2 circulation at avian-human interfaces.

/pdf/the-avian-influenza-h9n2-at-avian-human-interface-a-possible-57su31vslf.pdf

Ali Alizadeh

Papers

Identification of genes differentially expressed during interaction of Mexican lime tree infected with "Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia".

An iterative approach for solving fractional optimal control problems

A modified farmland fertility algorithm for solving constrained engineering problems

The avian influenza H9N2 at avian-human interface: A possible risk for the future pandemics.

Performance and metabolic responses of Holstein calves to supplemental chromium in colostrum and milk