다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

A ferroelectric crystal exhibits a stable and switchable electrical polarization that is manifested in the form of cooperative atomic displacements. A ferromagnetic crystal exhibits a stable and switchable magnetization that arises through the quantum mechanical phenomenon of exchange. There are very few 'multiferroic' materials that exhibit both of these properties, but the 'magnetoelectric' coupling of magnetic and electrical properties is a more general and widespread phenomenon. Although work in this area can be traced back to pioneering research in the 1950s and 1960s, there has been a recent resurgence of interest driven by long-term technological aspirations.

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Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials

Graphene’s success has shown that it is possible to create stable, single and few-atom-thick layers of van der Waals materials, and also that these materials can exhibit fascinating and technologically useful properties. Here we review the state-of-the-art of 2D materials beyond graphene. Initially, we will outline the different chemical classes of 2D materials and discuss the various strategies to prepare single-layer, few-layer, and multilayer assembly materials in solution, on substrates, and on the wafer scale. Additionally, we present an experimental guide for identifying and characterizing single-layer-thick materials, as well as outlining emerging techniques that yield both local and global information. We describe the differences that occur in the electronic structure between the bulk and the single layer and discuss various methods of tuning their electronic properties by manipulating the surface. Finally, we highlight the properties and advantages of single-, few-, and many-layer 2D materials in...

/pdf/progress-challenges-and-opportunities-in-two-dimensional-1sweg4hljr.pdf

Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene

This review summarizes recent developments in the theory of spin glasses, as well as pertinent experimental data. The most characteristic properties of spin glass systems are described, and related phenomena in other glassy systems (dielectric and orientational glasses) are mentioned. The Edwards-Anderson model of spin glasses and its treatment within the replica method and mean-field theory are outlined, and concepts such as "frustration," "broken replica symmetry," "broken ergodicity," etc., are discussed. The dynamic approach to describing the spin glass transition is emphasized. Monte Carlo simulations of spin glasses and the insight gained by them are described. Other topics discussed include site-disorder models, phenomenological theories for the frozen phase and its excitations, phase diagrams in which spin glass order and ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism compete, the Ne\'el model of superparamagnetism and related approaches, and possible connections between spin glasses and other topics in the theory of disordered condensed-matter systems.

Spin glasses: Experimental facts, theoretical concepts, and open questions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses electron-spin resonance (ESR) on localized magnetic moments in metals. The chapter discusses crystal-field effects and provides a short description of the so-called bottleneck phenomena, which play an important role in the ESR on localized moments in metals. The ESR results in metals and alloys is discussed where the ESR probes have been substituted in a dilute limit, usually with concentrations less than 5%. The ESR probes are 3d and 4f impurities. The systems with concentrated ESR probes are discussed. In these compounds 4f moments have been substituted at high concentrations or the ESR probe is a constituent of the lattice itself. Finally van-Vleck systems are discussed. The chapter discusses recent developments, including spin glasses, Kondo impurities and superconductors. The areas of heavy-fermion systems and intermediate valence compounds are discussed.

Chapter 162 Electron-spin resonance on localized magnetic moments in metals

Results of far-infrared transmittance are reported for
GdMnO3, a multiferroic perovskite manganite. The spectra allow to
obtain position and intensity of the high-frequency electromagnon
(~75 cm-1) in this material. We present a comparative analysis
of the high- and low-frequency electromagnons across the phase
diagram of GdMnO3. The traces of the electromagnon excitation can
be detected even deeply in the paramagnetic state, which is
attributed to magnetic fluctuations.

High-frequency electromagnon in GdMnO3

Random-strain fields in (KCl)1-x (KCN)x.

We report on systematical investigations of the electrical resistivity and the magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic superconductors Ru(Sr 1-x La x ) 2 GdCu 2 O 8 as a function of La doping. Pure Ru-1212 is characterized by superconductivity (T C 40 K) carried by the CuO 2 planes coexisting with weak ferromagnetism related to the RuO 2 planes. The superconducting properties are similar to those observed in heavily under-doped high-T c materials. For T< T c one finds an incomplete Meissner-phase together with a vanishing lower critical field H c1 . A spontaneous vortex phase is established due to the presence of strong internal fields. Doping the system with La 3+ on the Sr 2+ site leads to a suppression of superconductivity and an increase of the resistivity in the normal conducting-phase, respectively. At the same time no significant changes in the Cu-O-Ru bond angle can be detected. This denotes the sensitive dependence of the electronic properties on the hole concentration in the Cu-O planes.

Ferromagnetism and superconductivity in pure and doped RuSr2GdCu2O8

The dielectric response of semiconducting ${\mathrm{CdF}}_{2}$ crystals with bistable In centers in the range of ${10}^{1}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{6}\mathrm{Hz}$ reveals a quasi-Debye relaxation due to Schottky barriers at the Au/Ag contacts. These spectra can be modeled with a two- or tri-layer capacitor, the characteristics of which are determined by the conductivity and capacity of the crystal volume and the depletion layers at the contacts (the Maxwell-Wagner capacitance). Analyses of the temperature dependence of these parameters show that the volume conductivity is due to free-electron motion, whereas the depletion-layer conductivity probably is caused by electron jumps over the deep In centers. Illumination of the crystals in the photoionization absorption band of the deep centers has the same effect upon the dielectric response as an increase of the temperature since both factors increase the free-electron concentration.

Alois Loidl

Papers

Chapter 162 Electron-spin resonance on localized magnetic moments in metals

High-frequency electromagnon in GdMnO3

Random-strain fields in (KCl)1-x (KCN)x.

Ferromagnetism and superconductivity in pure and doped RuSr2GdCu2O8

Radio-frequency response of semiconducting CdF 2 :In crystals with Schottky barriers