33 К наиболее эффективным и часто ис6 пользуемым методам вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (assisted reproductive technologies) относятся: экс6 тракорпоральное оплодотворение — ЭКО (in vitro fertilization — IVF) и инъек6 ция сперматозоида в цитоплазму яйце6 клетки — ИКСИ (intracytoplasmic sperm injection — ICSI). По данным Россий6 ской Ассоциации Репродукции Челове6 ка (РАРЧ) доля ЭКО и ИКСИ в общем числе циклов ВРТ в России составляет не менее 75%. В нашей стране экстракорпоральное оплодотворение применяется с 1986 г. По данным РАРЧ, в России в 2011 г. работали более 120 клиник ВРТ, что в 4 раза боль6 ше, чем в 2000 г. По числу выполненных циклов ВРТ в 2011 г. Россия занимает тре6 тье месте в мире (после Франции и Герма6 Особенности развития детей, зачатых при помощи вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий

Топонимия квебека: лингвокультурологический анализ

Engineering plasmonic metamaterials with anisotropic optical dispersion enables us to tailor the properties of metamaterial-based waveguides. We investigate plasmonic waveguides with dielectric cores and multilayer metal-dielectric claddings with hyperbolic dispersion. Without using any homogenization, we calculate the resonant eigenmodes of the finite-width cladding layers, and find agreement with the resonant features in the dispersion of the cladded waveguides. We show that at the resonant widths, the propagating modes of the waveguides are coupled to the cladding eigenmodes and hence, are strongly absorbed. By avoiding the resonant widths in the design of the actual waveguides, the strong absorption can be eliminated.

Finite-width plasmonic waveguides with hyperbolic multilayer cladding.

Electromagnetic metastructures stand for the artificial structures with a characteristic size smaller than the wavelength, which may efficiently manipulate the states of light. However, their applications are often restricted by the bandwidth of the electromagnetic response of the metastructures. It is therefore essential to reassert the principles in constructing broadband electromagnetic metastructures. Herein, after summarizing the conventional approaches for achieving broadband electromagnetic functionality, some recent developments in realizing broadband electromagnetic response by dispersion compensation, nonresonant effects, and several trade-off approaches are reviewed, followed by some perspectives for the future development of broadband metamaterials. It is anticipated that broadband metastructures will have even more substantial applications in optoelectronics, energy harvesting, and information technology.

Constructing Metastructures with Broadband Electromagnetic Functionality

Plasmonic waveguides with hyperbolic multilayer cladding

Abstract Metamaterials can possess extraordinary properties not readily available in nature. While most of the early metamaterials had narrow frequency bandwidth of operation, many recent works have focused on how to implement exotic properties and functions over broad bandwidth for practical applications. Here, we provide two definitions of broadband operation in terms of effective material properties and device functionality, suitable for describing materials and devices, respectively, and overview existing broadband metamaterial designs in such two categories. Broadband metamaterials with nearly constant effective material properties are discussed in the materials part, and broadband absorbers, lens, and hologram devices based on metamaterials and metasurfaces are discussed in the devices part.

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Broadband metamaterials and metasurfaces: a review from the perspectives of materials and devices

We introduce multiperiodicity in periodic metal-dielectric multilayers by stacking more than two types of metal and/or dielectric layers into the unit cell. A simple way to characterize arbitrary multiperiodic multilayers using permutation vectors is suggested and employed. Effects of multiperiodicity up to its fourth order are investigated. We demonstrate that various topologies of multiple-sheet isofrequency and dispersion surfaces exist for such plasmonic multilayers, including a photonic realization of nontrivial isolated Dirac cones.

Multiperiodicity in plasmonic multilayers: General description and diversity of topologies

We discuss the strategy for achieving the values of the effective magnetic permeability much smaller than unity by employing an appropriate arrangement of metamaterial elements (``meta-atoms''). We demonstrate that strong diamagnetism over a very wide frequency range can be realized in metamaterials by employing nonresonant elements with deeply subwavelength dimensions. We analyze the effect of the lattice parameters on the diamagnetic response and find that selecting an appropriate lattice type is crucial for optimal performance. Finally, we discuss the optimal characteristics required to obtain the lowest possible values of magnetic permeability and point out an efficient tuning possibility.

/pdf/broadband-diamagnetism-in-anisotropic-metamaterials-2p4ovlnzw4.pdf

Broadband diamagnetism in anisotropic metamaterials

We report a strategy to achieve the values of the effective magnetic permeability close to zero by using anisotropic metamaterial made of dense arrays of conductive loops. We present an extensive parametric analysis of the role of lattice parameters and symmetry, and also of the geometry of the loops. The magnitudes of the real part of the permeability reach 0.05 and are observed in a very broad frequency span, accompanied with negligible dissipation. Importantly, our analysis is applicable in a wide range of absolute sizes, being appropriate up to the THz range. Finally, we assess the dielectric properties of the optimal diamagnetic meta-materials, providing a complete picture of its interaction with the electromagnetic waves.

Tailoring lattice parameters for broadband artificial diamagnetism

We introduce multi-periodicity in plasmonic multilayers and develop a general theory for the description of their eigenwaves. We define the order of multi-periodicity as the number of different kinds of plasmonic interfaces present in the multilayer, and investigate the optical effects that arise as this order increases from one (simple periodic multilayers) to two (bi-periodic multilayers) and beyond. For example, we show the formation of additional photonic bands, multi-refringence of p-polarized light, Dirac and mixed states.

Anastasia K. Krylova

Papers

Multiperiodicity in plasmonic multilayers: General description and diversity of topologies

Broadband diamagnetism in anisotropic metamaterials

Tailoring lattice parameters for broadband artificial diamagnetism

Multi-periodicity induces prominent optical phenomena in plasmonic multilayers