物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

A multivariable laboratory process that consists of four interconnected water tanks is presented. The linearized dynamics of the system have a multivariable zero that is possible to move along the real axis by changing a valve. The zero can be placed in both the left and the right half-plane. In this way the quadruple-tank process is ideal for illustrating many concepts in multivariable control, particularly performance limitations due to multivariable right half-plane zeros. The location and the direction of the zero have an appealing physical interpretation. Accurate models are derived from both physical and experimental data and decentralized control is demonstrated on the process.

/pdf/the-quadruple-tank-process-a-multivariable-laboratory-2durfsn34t.pdf

The quadruple-tank process: a multivariable laboratory process with an adjustable zero

New paradigms in industrial robotics no longer require physical separation between robotic manipulators and humans. Moreover, in order to optimize production, humans and robots are expected to collaborate to some extent. In this scenario, involving a shared environment between humans and robots, common motion generation algorithms might turn out to be inadequate for this purpose.

/pdf/safety-in-human-robot-collaborative-manufacturing-3spu9xtlip.pdf

Safety in Human-Robot Collaborative Manufacturing Environments: Metrics and Control

Due to a general shift in manufacturing paradigm from mass production towards mass customization, reconfigurable automation technologies, such as robots, are required. However, current industrial robot solutions are notoriously difficult to program, leading to high changeover times when new products are introduced by manufacturers. In order to compete on global markets, the factories of tomorrow need complete production lines, including automation technologies that can effortlessly be reconfigured or repurposed, when the need arises. In this paper we present the concept of general, self-asserting robot skills for manufacturing. We show how a relatively small set of skills are derived from current factory worker instructions, and how these can be transferred to industrial mobile manipulators. General robot skills can not only be implemented on these robots, but also be intuitively concatenated to program the robots to perform a variety of tasks, through the use of simple task-level programming methods. We demonstrate various approaches to this, extensively tested with several people inexperienced in robotics. We validate our findings through several deployments of the complete robot system in running production facilities at an industrial partner. It follows from these experiments that the use of robot skills, and associated task-level programming framework, is a viable solution to introducing robots that can intuitively and on the fly be programmed to perform new tasks by factory workers. HighlightsWe propose a conceptual model of robot skills and show how this differs from macros.We show how this approach can enable non-experts to utilize advanced robotic systems.Concrete industrial applications of the approach are presented, on advanced robot systems.

Robot skills for manufacturing

Robots in machining

This paper describes the design and implementation of a platform for fast external sensor integration in an industrial robot control system. As an application and motivating example, the implementation of force controlled grinding and deburring within the AUTOFETT-project (EU Growth Programme) is reported.

/pdf/extending-an-industrial-robot-controller-implementation-and-4gtbwosqt4.pdf

Extending an industrial robot controller: implementation and applications of a fast open sensor interface

New robot applications increasingly require external sensing to accomplish robustness and performance despite the variations and uncertainties that come with the increasing demands on flexibility for manufacturing of customized products. The demands on productivity then require high performance, which for well known feedback-control reasons means short response times from external process event to reaction on the robot motor control. The need for high- performance sensor interfaces connected to the motion control without excessive buffering and computations has therefore gained increasing attention over the last decade. Apart from high sampling frequencies and short latencies, there are also engineering aspects to consider. Control engineering tools should be possible to utilize, additional computing power is better connected via real-time Ethernet connections, and all interfaces should check compatibility without sacrificing performance. Furthermore, all that should preferably coexist with the original system, superimposing the effects on external sensing while still maintaining safety and consistency of data. The reason is that the original control software is model based and built on millions of lines of C-code, and tested beyond the possibilities of a research lab. Such a system has been accomplished for control and application development using ABB robots. A short description of the system is given, and its use for application/control development is exemplified. User specific feedback control can be done easily with short sampling periods and less than 1ms of latency from sensing to motor reaction. (Less)

/pdf/flexible-application-development-and-high-performance-motion-4f6mvr21ju.pdf

Flexible application development and high-performance motion control based on external sensing and reconfiguration of ABB industrial robot controllers

Robots used in manufacturing today are tailored to their tasks by system integration based on expert knowledge concerning both production and machine control. For upcoming new generations of even more flexible robot solutions, in applications such as dexterous assembly, the robot setup and programming gets even more challenging. Reuse of solutions in terms of parameters, controls, process tuning, and of software modules in general then gets increasingly important. There has been valuable progress within reuse of automation solutions when machines comply with standards and behave according to nominal models. However, more flexible robots with sensor-based manipulation skills and cognitive functions for human interaction are far too complex to manage, and solutions are rarely reusable since knowledge is either implicit in imperative software or not captured in machine readable form. We propose techniques that build on existing knowledge by converting structured data into an RDF-based knowledge base. By enhancements of industrial control systems and available engineering tools, such knowledge can be gradually extended as part of the interaction during the definition of the robot task.

/pdf/on-the-integration-of-skilled-robot-motions-for-productivity-w10az774sx.pdf

On the integration of skilled robot motions for productivity in manufacturing

Safe languages like Java provide a much more programmer-friendly environment than the low-level languages in which real-time and embedded software have traditionally been implemented. However, an obstacle for widespread use of Java in control applications has been the predictability and real-time performance of garbage collection, and the cumbersome memory management associated with RTSJ No-HeapRealtimeThreads. The current version of the Sun Java Real-Time System includes a real-time garbage collector, and therefore, it is interesting to examine its feasibility for robot motion control.We have implemented a motion control system, and an application, for an ABB IRB 340 industrial robot entirely in real-time Java, using standard computer hardware, off-the-shelf EtherCAT servo drives, and the Sun Java Real-Time System 2.0 on Solaris 10. To our knowledge, this is the first robot control system implemented entirely in Java and executed on a certified virtual machine.

/pdf/using-real-time-java-for-industrial-robot-control-20wyldkvdy.pdf

Using real-time Java for industrial robot control

In this paper we describe the design and control of an inverted pendulum type robot on two wheels. The objective of the design is to provide a flexible platform intended for teaching and research, which provides rich opportunities for application of signal processing, control design, distributed control systems and consideration of implementational issues. In addition, a design constraint has been to use low-cost components. Issues such as selection of hardware and sensors, signal processing, modeling and control are treated. Special attention is given to the problem of obtaining high accuracy velocity estimates using analog encoder signals.

Anders Blomdell

Papers

Extending an industrial robot controller: implementation and applications of a fast open sensor interface

Flexible application development and high-performance motion control based on external sensing and reconfiguration of ABB industrial robot controllers

On the integration of skilled robot motions for productivity in manufacturing

Using real-time Java for industrial robot control

Design and Control of YAIP — an Inverted Pendulum on Two Wheels Robot