There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.

/pdf/planetary-boundaries-guiding-human-development-on-a-changing-5gmf909etg.pdf

Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

THE major active ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabi-nol (Δ9-THC), has been used as a psychoactive agent for thousands of years. Marijuana, and Δ9-THC, also exert a wide range of other effects including analgesia, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, anticonvulsion, alleviation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and attenuation of vomiting1. The clinical application of cannabinoids has, however, been limited by their psychoactive effects, and this has led to interest in the biochemical bases of their action. Progress stemmed initially from the synthesis of potent derivatives of δ9-THC4,5, and more recently from the cloning of a gene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor for cannabinoids6. This receptor is expressed in the brain but not in the periphery, except for a low level in testes. It has been proposed that the non-psychoactive effects of cannabinoids are either mediated centrally or through direct interaction with other, non-receptor proteins1,7,8. Here we report the cloning of a receptor for cannabinoids that is not expressed in the brain but rather in macrophages in the marginal zone of spleen.

Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids

This paper contrasts the natural and anthropogenic controls on the conversion of unreactive N2 to more reactive forms of nitrogen (Nr). A variety of data sets are used to construct global N budgets for 1860 and the early 1990s and to make projections for the global N budget in 2050. Regional N budgets for Asia, North America, and other major regions for the early 1990s, as well as the marine N budget, are presented to highlight the dominant fluxes of nitrogen in each region. Important findings are that human activities increasingly dominate the N budget at the global and at most regional scales, the terrestrial and open ocean N budgets are essentially dis- connected, and the fixed forms of N are accumulating in most environmental reservoirs. The largest uncertainties in our understanding of the N budget at most scales are the rates of natural biological nitrogen fixation, the amount of Nr storage in most environmental reservoirs, and the production rates of N2 by denitrification.

/pdf/nitrogen-cycles-past-present-and-future-1zdbw0976r.pdf

Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future

Relationships between wind speed and gas transfer, combined with knowledge of the partial pressure difference of CO2 across the air-sea interface are frequently used to determine the CO2 flux between the ocean and the atmosphere. Little attention has been paid to the influence of variability in wind speed on the calculated gas transfer velocities and the possibility of chemical enhancement of CO2 exchange at low wind speeds over the ocean. The effect of these parameters is illustrated using a quadratic dependence of gas exchange on wind speed which is fit through gas transfer velocities over the ocean determined by the natural-14C disequilibrium and the bomb-14C inventory methods. Some of the variability between different data sets can be accounted for by the suggested mechanisms, but much of the variation appears due to other causes. Possible causes for the large difference between two frequently used relationships between gas transfer and wind speed are discussed. To determine fluxes of gases other than CO2 across the air-water interface, the relevant expressions for gas transfer, and the temperature and salinity dependence of the Schmidt number and solubility of several gases of environmental interest are included in an appendix.

Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean

Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2)

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A high proportion of adults in England are insufficiently active1 The workplace is an important setting for promoting physical activity with potential …

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/52/16/1026.full.pdf

Bright spots, physical activity investments that work: Workplace Challenge.

Cambridge, U.K.—A team of physicists in Austria has provided new experimental confirmation for one of the more bizarre predictions of quantum mechanics: The behavior of one photon in a pair can appear to affect the properties of its sibling instantaneously, even if they are widely separated in space.

`Eraser' Rubs Out Information to Reveal Light's Dual Nature

Coupled Phanerozoic predictions of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide

This paper compares three finite element models for determining the buckling and post-buckling performance of infinite length thin walled composite and metal stiffened panels — such as for modeling theoretical aircraft upper wing skin panels — namely single bay, double half-bay and quad half-bay models. The quad half-bay model is shown to be the ideal model as all wavelengths of buckling are permitted. This model gives an accurate estimate of postbuckling behavior that can include advanced behavior such as mode jumping or collapse while the single bay and double half-bay models are more restrictive and do not allow for accurate mode jumping to take place. Sample panels are analyzed for buckling performance using the computer program VICONOPT, which assumes an infinite length structure based on exact strip theory. This analysis is then compared to results from the quad half-bay FEM model, using the Abaqus solver, where the two models are in good agreement for the initial buckling performance for both the metal and composite panels. Buckling prediction for the quad half-bay model is within 0.5% for the critical buckling mode, and within 3% of all compared modes; and postbuckling performance compares well with the results of previous investigation of the same sample panel geometry.

/pdf/modelling-infinite-length-panels-using-the-finite-element-3gmp5ccumf.pdf

Andrew J. Watson

Papers

Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2)

Bright spots, physical activity investments that work: Workplace Challenge.

`Eraser' Rubs Out Information to Reveal Light's Dual Nature

Coupled Phanerozoic predictions of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide

Modelling Infinite Length Panels Using the Finite Element Method