介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources

Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels

As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that have come to the forefront recently. In this paper, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to biodiesel industry. These aspects include, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the economical viability and finally the future of biodiesel. The literature reviewed was selective and critical. Highly rated journals in scientific indexes were the preferred choice, although other non-indexed publications, such as Scientific Research and Essays or some internal reports from highly reputed organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Information Administration (EIA) and British Petroleum (BP) have also been cited. Based on the overview presented, it is clear that the search for beneficial biodiesel sources should focus on feedstocks that do not compete with food crops, do not lead to land-clearing and provide greenhouse-gas reductions. These feedstocks include non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum , and more recently microalgae and genetically engineered plants such as poplar and switchgrass have emerged to be very promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. It has been found that feedstock alone represents more than 75% of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, selecting the best feedstock is vital to ensure low production cost. It has also been found that the continuity in transesterification process is another choice to minimize the production cost. Biodiesel is currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed. Thus supporting policies are important to promote biodiesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. Currently, biodiesel can be more effective if used as a complement to other energy sources.

A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Domestic wood burning and road traffic are the major sources of PAHs in Sweden. In Stockholm, the sum of 14 different PAHs is 100-200 ng/m(3) at the street-level site, the most abundant being phenanthrene. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) varies between 1 and 2 ng/m(3). Exposure to PAH-containing substances increases the risk of cancer in humans. The carcinogenicity of PAHs is associated with the complexity of the molecule, i.e., increasing number of benzenoid rings, and with metabolic activation to reactive diol epoxide intermediates and their subsequent covalent binding to critical targets in DNA. B[a]P is the main indicator of carcinogenic PAHs. Fluoranthene is an important volatile PAH because it occurs at high concentrations in ambient air and because it is an experimental carcinogen in certain test systems. Thus, fluoranthene is suggested as a complementary indicator to B[a]P. The most carcinogenic PAH identified, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is also suggested as an indicator, although it occurs at very low concentrations. Quantitative cancer risk estimates of PAHs as air pollutants are very uncertain because of the lack of useful, good-quality data. According to the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, the unit risk is 9 X 10(-5) per ng/m(3) of B[a]P as indicator of the total PAH content, namely, lifetime exposure to 0.1 ng/m(3) would theoretically lead to one extra cancer case in 100,000 exposed individuals. This concentration of 0.1 ng/m(3) of B[a]P is suggested as a health-based guideline. Because the carcinogenic potency of fluoranthene has been estimated to be approximately 20 times less than that of B[a]P, a tentative guideline value of 2 ng/m(3) is suggested for fluoranthene. Other significant PAHs are phenanthrene, methylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes and pyrene (high air concentrations), and large-molecule PAHs such as dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (high carcinogenicity). Additional source-specific indicators are benzo[ghi]perylene for gasoline vehicles, retene for wood combustion, and dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene for sulfur-containing fuels.

Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.

Enantiopure hydroxy ketones (II), (IV), (VI) are prepared by enzymatic reduction of the corresponding diketones (I), (III), (V) with high enantiomeric excesses and in good yields.

Regio- and Enantioselective Reduction of Diketones: Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Hydroxy Ketones Catalyzed by Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330.

Human alcohol dehydrogenases, specifically ADH1 oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes in the skin. These aldehydes act as haptens, leading to sensitization. Inhibition of these ADH enzymes may help in combating skin allergies. In the present study, the recombinantly purified stereospecific enzyme from Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330, Candida parapsilosis Carbonyl Reductase (CpCR) has 23.31 % sequence similarity with human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B1. These two enzymes have perfectly overlapping cofactor and zinc binding domains. CpCR was found to oxidize primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes. Oxidation of primary alcohols by CpCR was further optimized with cinnamyl alcohol as the model substrate that initially showed a conversion of 56 % ± 0.25, and upon optimization increased to 98.2 % ± 0.23. An increase of 20–50 % in the conversion rate has been observed for various primary alcohols under the optimized reaction conditions. A simple and efficient model was designed for the screening of compounds that inhibit CpCR with the possibility of mitigating the action of skin allergens by inhibiting ADH1. p-Nitrophenylglyoxal (PNG) was found to be a good inhibitor for CpCR which showed inhibitory activity at very low concentration (IC50,100 mM ± 1.27) as compared to the standard inhibitor 4-methyl pyrazole (4MP) (IC50, 400 mM ± 2.05). 

Candida parapsilosis carbonyl reductase as a tool for preliminary screening of inhibitors for alcohol dehydrogenase induced skin sensitization

Enantiomerically Pure Allylic Alcohols: Preparation by Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 Mediated Deracemization.

The method presented does not require any transition metals, acids or bases and demonstrates controlled and selective oxidation of structurally diverse alcohols.

Simplified Procedure for TEMPO‐Catalyzed Oxidation: Selective Oxidation of Alcohols, α‐Hydroxy Esters, and Amides Using TEMPO and Calcium Hypochlorite.

Enantiomerically pure β- and γ-nitro alcohols were prepared from their respective nitro ketones by asymmetric reduction mediated by the biocatalyst, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 under optimized reaction conditions (ee up to >99%; yields up to 76%). This biocatalyst exhibits high chemoselectivity and reduces the keto group in preference to nitro group along with good enantioselectivity to produce enantiomerically enriched nitro alkanols. The asymmetric reduction of aliphatic nitro ketones was carried out in water with ethanol as cosolvent and glucose as cosubstrate using the whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 in much lesser time (4 h). For the first time, the biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of the following ketones is reported here: 1-nitro-butan-2-one, 1-nitro-pentan-2-one, 3-methyl-1-nitro-butan-2-one and 1-cyclohexyl-2-nitroethanone to produce (R)-alcohols [ee up to 79%, yield up to 74%] and 1-nitro-hexan-2-one and 1-nitro-heptan-2-one to produce (S)-alcohols [ee up to 81%, yield up to 76%].

Anju Chadha

Papers

Regio- and Enantioselective Reduction of Diketones: Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Hydroxy Ketones Catalyzed by Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330.

Candida parapsilosis carbonyl reductase as a tool for preliminary screening of inhibitors for alcohol dehydrogenase induced skin sensitization

Enantiomerically Pure Allylic Alcohols: Preparation by Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 Mediated Deracemization.

Simplified Procedure for TEMPO‐Catalyzed Oxidation: Selective Oxidation of Alcohols, α‐Hydroxy Esters, and Amides Using TEMPO and Calcium Hypochlorite.

Enantio‐ & Chemo‐Selective Preparation of Enantiomerically Enriched Aliphatic Nitro Alcohols Using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330.