介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources

Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels

As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that have come to the forefront recently. In this paper, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to biodiesel industry. These aspects include, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the economical viability and finally the future of biodiesel. The literature reviewed was selective and critical. Highly rated journals in scientific indexes were the preferred choice, although other non-indexed publications, such as Scientific Research and Essays or some internal reports from highly reputed organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Information Administration (EIA) and British Petroleum (BP) have also been cited. Based on the overview presented, it is clear that the search for beneficial biodiesel sources should focus on feedstocks that do not compete with food crops, do not lead to land-clearing and provide greenhouse-gas reductions. These feedstocks include non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum , and more recently microalgae and genetically engineered plants such as poplar and switchgrass have emerged to be very promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. It has been found that feedstock alone represents more than 75% of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, selecting the best feedstock is vital to ensure low production cost. It has also been found that the continuity in transesterification process is another choice to minimize the production cost. Biodiesel is currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed. Thus supporting policies are important to promote biodiesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. Currently, biodiesel can be more effective if used as a complement to other energy sources.

A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Domestic wood burning and road traffic are the major sources of PAHs in Sweden. In Stockholm, the sum of 14 different PAHs is 100-200 ng/m(3) at the street-level site, the most abundant being phenanthrene. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) varies between 1 and 2 ng/m(3). Exposure to PAH-containing substances increases the risk of cancer in humans. The carcinogenicity of PAHs is associated with the complexity of the molecule, i.e., increasing number of benzenoid rings, and with metabolic activation to reactive diol epoxide intermediates and their subsequent covalent binding to critical targets in DNA. B[a]P is the main indicator of carcinogenic PAHs. Fluoranthene is an important volatile PAH because it occurs at high concentrations in ambient air and because it is an experimental carcinogen in certain test systems. Thus, fluoranthene is suggested as a complementary indicator to B[a]P. The most carcinogenic PAH identified, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is also suggested as an indicator, although it occurs at very low concentrations. Quantitative cancer risk estimates of PAHs as air pollutants are very uncertain because of the lack of useful, good-quality data. According to the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, the unit risk is 9 X 10(-5) per ng/m(3) of B[a]P as indicator of the total PAH content, namely, lifetime exposure to 0.1 ng/m(3) would theoretically lead to one extra cancer case in 100,000 exposed individuals. This concentration of 0.1 ng/m(3) of B[a]P is suggested as a health-based guideline. Because the carcinogenic potency of fluoranthene has been estimated to be approximately 20 times less than that of B[a]P, a tentative guideline value of 2 ng/m(3) is suggested for fluoranthene. Other significant PAHs are phenanthrene, methylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes and pyrene (high air concentrations), and large-molecule PAHs such as dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (high carcinogenicity). Additional source-specific indicators are benzo[ghi]perylene for gasoline vehicles, retene for wood combustion, and dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene for sulfur-containing fuels.

Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.

Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of n-alkanethiols of different chain lengths (n = 2, 3, 6, 11, 16) on a gold surface are used to immobilize antibodies which in turn bind to a antigen. The antibody and antigen used in this study have similar molecular weights i.e. ∼150 kDa. The antibody [1.5 μg cm−2] immobilized varied with the surface packing density of the SAM of carboxylic acid-terminated n-alkanethiols of different lengths. In comparison, the efficiency of antibody immobilization was lowest on the loosely packed SAM of n-alkanethiols (n ≤ 3) and the highest on the densely packed SAM of n-alkanethiols (n ≥ 11). However, increased immobilization of antibodies with increasing chain length of the n-alkanethiols [n > 11], did not result in a corresponding increase in antigen binding. An attempt to explain this phenomenon based on packing density and an orientation of the captured antibody is presented.

Studies on varying n-alkanethiol chain lengths on a gold coated surface and their effect on antibody-antigen binding efficiency

A novel composite porous silicon/polysilicon microcantilever for biosensing applications with enhanced sensitivity is reported. It is fabricated by surface micromachining of polysilicon cantilevers followed by the formation of the surface porous layer after release by Reaction Induced Vapor Phase Stain Etch. The microcantilevers with porous surface layer are characterized by their morphology that exhibits a dual macro and nanostructure for very effective immobilization of biomolecules. The current work focuses on the fabrication of composite porous silicon/polysilicon microcantilevers, characterization of their morphology and resonance frequency, as well as demonstration of improved immobilization of enzyme resulting in enhanced sensing of triglycerides.

MEMS Composite Porous Silicon/Polysilicon Cantilever Sensor for Enhanced Triglycerides Biosensing

Synthesis of hydrocinnamic esters by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase

Asymmetric reduction of ethyl-4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate in aqueous medium by resting cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 was optimized. The influence of culture parameters (inoculum size, inoculum age and biocatalyst harvest time) and reaction parameters (co-substrate, resting cell, pH and substrate concentrations) on the asymmetric reduction were studied. It was found that these parameters significantly influenced the rate of the asymmetric reduction. Under the optimum conditions, the final concentration of (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate, enantiomeric excess and the isolated yield of (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate were 1.38 M (230 g/l), >99 and 95%, respectively. The space time yield was 115 mmol/lh, which is significantly higher than other whole cell biocatalysts reported so far.

Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330

The monoterpene cyclic ether, cineole (l,8-cineole, I)
also known as eucalyptol, is a component of many essential
oils and is widely distributed in nature. It is
extensively used in pharmaceutical preparations for
external application and also as a nasal spray. It was
reported earlier that cineole when administered to
sheep may be largely oxidized in the system (Scheline
1978). However the mode of metabolism of cineole is
not known. Hence the present study was undertaken to
investigate the metabolic fate of this ubiquitous terpenoid
following its administration to rats by gastric
intubation.

Anju Chadha

Papers

Studies on varying n-alkanethiol chain lengths on a gold coated surface and their effect on antibody-antigen binding efficiency

MEMS Composite Porous Silicon/Polysilicon Cantilever Sensor for Enhanced Triglycerides Biosensing

Synthesis of hydrocinnamic esters by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase

Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330

Metabolism of 1,8-cineole in rat: its effects on liver and lung microsomal cytochrome P-450 systems.