자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

In the present paper a research has been done on the essay ‘Can the Subaltern Speak’ by’ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’. It has been explained into much simpler language about what the author conveys for better understanding and further references. Also the criticism has been done by various critiques from various sources which is helpful from examination point of view. The paper has been divided into various contexts with an introduction and the conclusions. Also the references has been written that depicts the sources of criticism.

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Can the Subaltern Speak

Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy

Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate theoretical perspectives in sustainable supply
chain management (SSCM) and contributes to understanding the current state of research in the field
and its future development.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper conducts a structured literature review and aims at
mapping the use of theories in the field. The authors assess the current state of research, looking in
more details at popular theories, and propose possible future avenues for the field to develop.
Findings – Theory-building efforts in SSCM remain scarce, with the predominance of a few popular
imported macro theories (resource-based view (RBV), stakeholder theory and institutional theory)
having implications on the conceptualisation of SSCM and the topics researched to date. More
theoretical contributions can potentially emerge from the adoption of original methodologies, the
investigation of under-explored aspects of SSCM and the testing of recently developed frameworks.
Research limitations/implications – Drawing on the analysis the authors propose an overarching
map of popular theories in SSCM and define potential avenues towards the maturation of the discipline.
A number of propositions are offered to guide future research. This study constitutes a first step
towards understanding how theories in SSCM are developing and how SSCM has been conceptualised.
Originality/value – The originality of this paper lies in its analytical focus on theories in SSCM,
which have not been mapped to date.

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Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review

This study adopts a power perspective to investigate sustainable supply chain relationships and specifically uses resource dependence theory (RDT) to critically analyze buyer–supplier–supplier relationships. Empirical evidence is provided, extending the RDT model in this context. The concept of power relationships is explored through a qualitative study of a multinational company and agricultural growers in the UK food industry that work together to implement sustainable practices. We look at multiple triadic relationships involving a large buyer and its small suppliers to investigate how relative power affects the implementation of sustainable supply-management practices. The study highlights that power as dependence is relevant to understanding compliance in sustainable supply chains and to identifying appropriate relationship-management strategies to build more sustainable supply chains. We show the influences of power on how players manage their relationships and how it affects organizational responses to the implementation of sustainability initiatives. Power notably influences the sharing of sustainability-related risks and value between supply chain partners. From a managerial perspective, the study contributes to developing a better understanding of how power can become an effective way to achieve sustainability goals. This paper offers insights into the way in which a large organization works with small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) to implement sustainable practices and shows how power management—that is, the way in which power is used—can support or hinder effective cooperation around sustainability in the supply chain.

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Managing Imbalanced Supply Chain Relationships for Sustainability: A Power Perspective

Love me, love me not: A nuanced view on collaboration in sustainable supply chains

We contend that the development of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) theory has been impaired by a lack of paradigmatic diversity in the field. The contested nature of the concept of sustainability has been repressed in SSCM theory, which has led to SSCM cutting itself off from debates that could be the source of inspiration for the development of interesting theory. We adopt the problematization approach proposed by Alvesson and Sandberg (2011) in order to unveil some of SSCM's unquestioned assumptions, propose an alternative assumption ground, and in this way move toward stronger theory in SSCM. We use paradoxical framing to make sense of the inherent tensions between the different levels of sustainability and between the different types of theory being produced in response to the challenges of sustainability. We articulate a number of foundational assumptions for an alternative theory of SSCM that emerge from the various tensions identified between the different paradigms of sustainability. Finally, we identify a number of ideas for future research that would enable researchers to empirically explore the alternative assumptions.

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Building Bridges : Toward Alternative Theory of Sustainable Supply Chain Management

This paper describes how action research (AR) can advance sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) research. Most SSCM research is empirical and little attention has been paid to reflecting upon how research is conducted in the field. Current research fails to make links with ideas of relationality, change and engagement proposed in broader sustainability research. We propose to address this gap by discussing how AR could help address current challenges in SSCM. The paper explores the proponents and application of AR as a relevant methodology for knowledge development in the field, based upon a critical analysis of SSCM and AR, including a review of previous AR studies and insights from a research project in which AR was applied. Particular emphasis is put on exploring the links between the sustainability dimension of SSCM and the foundations and practice of AR. The paper does not reject other methodological approaches, but it shows that the pragmatic orientation of AR is particularly suitable for an applied field such as SSCM where problems are often messy, cross-disciplinary and essentially concerned with the flourishing of individuals and organisations. Our paper has broader implications for inter- organisational research.

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Anne Touboulic

Papers

Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review

Managing Imbalanced Supply Chain Relationships for Sustainability: A Power Perspective

Love me, love me not: A nuanced view on collaboration in sustainable supply chains

Building Bridges : Toward Alternative Theory of Sustainable Supply Chain Management

A relational, transformative and engaged approach to sustainable supply chain management: the potential of action research