Drafting Authors: Neil Adger, Pramod Aggarwal, Shardul Agrawala, Joseph Alcamo, Abdelkader Allali, Oleg Anisimov, Nigel Arnell, Michel Boko, Osvaldo Canziani, Timothy Carter, Gino Casassa, Ulisses Confalonieri, Rex Victor Cruz, Edmundo de Alba Alcaraz, William Easterling, Christopher Field, Andreas Fischlin, Blair Fitzharris, Carlos Gay García, Clair Hanson, Hideo Harasawa, Kevin Hennessy, Saleemul Huq, Roger Jones, Lucka Kajfež Bogataj, David Karoly, Richard Klein, Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Murari Lal, Rodel Lasco, Geoff Love, Xianfu Lu, Graciela Magrín, Luis José Mata, Roger McLean, Bettina Menne, Guy Midgley, Nobuo Mimura, Monirul Qader Mirza, José Moreno, Linda Mortsch, Isabelle Niang-Diop, Robert Nicholls, Béla Nováky, Leonard Nurse, Anthony Nyong, Michael Oppenheimer, Jean Palutikof, Martin Parry, Anand Patwardhan, Patricia Romero Lankao, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Stephen Schneider, Serguei Semenov, Joel Smith, John Stone, Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, David Vaughan, Coleen Vogel, Thomas Wilbanks, Poh Poh Wong, Shaohong Wu, Gary Yohe

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Advances in sequence stratigraphy and the development of depositional models have helped explain the origin of genetically related sedimentary packages during sea level cycles. These concepts have provided the basis for the recognition of sea level events in subsurface data and in outcrops of marine sediments around the world. Knowledge of these events has led to a new generation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic global cycle charts that chronicle the history of sea level fluctuations during the past 250 million years in greater detail than was possible from seismic-stratigraphic data alone. An effort has been made to develop a realistic and accurate time scale and widely applicable chronostratigraphy and to integrate depositional sequences documented in public domain outcrop sections from various basins with this chronostratigraphic framework. A description of this approach and an account of the results, illustrated by sea level cycle charts of the Cenozoic, Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic intervals, are presented.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/235/4793/1156.full.pdf

Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the triassic.

A digital bathymetric map of the oceans with a horizontal resolution of 1 to 12 kilometers was derived by combining available depth soundings with high-resolution marine gravity information from the Geosat and ERS-1 spacecraft. Previous global bathymetric maps lacked features such as the 1600-kilometer-long Foundation Seamounts chain in the South Pacific. This map shows relations among the distributions of depth, sea floor area, and sea floor age that do not fit the predictions of deterministic models of subsidence due to lithosphere cooling but may be explained by a stochastic model in which randomly distributed reheating events warm the lithosphere and raise the ocean floor.

Global Sea Floor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings

http://www.zetaware.com/public/McKenzie_1978.pdf

Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins

I read this book the same weekend that the Packers took on the Rams, and the experience of the latter event, obviously, colored my judgment. Although I abhor anything that smacks of being a handbook (like, \"How to Earn a Merit Badge in Neurosurgery\") because too many volumes in biomedical science already evince a boyscout-like approach, I must confess that parts of this volume are fast, scholarly, and significant, with certain reservations. I like parts of this well-illustrated book because Dr. Sj6strand, without so stating, develops certain subjects on technique in relation to the acquisition of judgment and sophistication. And this is important! So, given that the author (like all of us) is somewhat deficient in some areas, and biased in others, the book is still valuable if the uninitiated reader swallows it in a general fashion, realizing full well that what will be required from the reader is a modulation to fit his vision, propreception, adaptation and response, and the kind of problem he is undertaking. A major deficiency of this book is revealed by comparison of its use of physics and of chemistry to provide understanding and background for the application of high resolution electron microscopy to problems in biology. Since the volume is keyed to high resolution electron microscopy, which is a sophisticated form of structural analysis, but really morphology in a modern guise, the physical and mechanical background of The instrument and its ancillary tools are simply and well presented. The potential use of chemical or cytochemical information as it relates to biological fine structure , however, is quite deficient. I wonder when even sophisticated morphol-ogists will consider fixation a reaction and not a technique; only then will the fundamentals become self-evident and predictable and this sine qua flon will become less mystical. Staining reactions (the most inadequate chapter) ought to be something more than a technique to selectively enhance contrast of morphological elements; it ought to give the structural addresses of some of the chemical residents of cell components. Is it pertinent that auto-radiography gets singled out for more complete coverage than other significant aspects of cytochemistry by a high resolution microscopist, when it has a built-in minimal error of 1,000 A in standard practice? I don't mean to blind-side (in strict football terminology) Dr. Sj6strand's efforts for what is \"routinely used in our laboratory\"; what is done is usually well done. It's just that …

Methods in Enzymology.

High-resolution 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy is presented as a direct and non-perturbing
 method for measuring changes in surface charge density occurring in mixed phospholipid membranes
 upon binding of charged surface-active peptides. 31P MAS NMR was used to investigate mixed lipid membranes of neutral phosphatidylcholine and negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol where the molar fraction of the charged lipid was varied from 0 to 1. The chemical shifts of the individual membrane lipids showed a simple variation in response to changes in the fraction of the negatively charged component phosphatidylglycerol. Addition of the positively charged amyloid-β1-40 peptide, a key substance in Alzheimer's disease, resulted in changes in the isotropic chemical shifts of the membrane lipid phosphates in a way consistent with reduction in the negative surface charge of the mixed lipid bilayers. Binding of different amounts of the positively charged peptide pentalysine to L-α-dioleoylphosphatidylcholine/L-α-dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPC/DOPG) vesicles (2:1 molar ratio) also showed a systematic variation of both chemical shift values. These changes
 were described by a simple two-site model and indicate purely
 electrostatic binding of pentalysine.

Electrostatic peptide–lipid interactions of amyloid-β peptide and pentalysine with membrane surfaces monitored by 31P MAS NMR

/pdf/gravity-anomalies-flexure-and-mantle-rheology-seaward-of-vjlhv9wnr8.pdf

Gravity anomalies, flexure and mantle rheology seaward of circum-Pacific trenches

Some of the Earth's largest submarine debris flows are found on the NW African margin. These debris flows are highly efficient, spreading hundreds of cubic kilometres of sediment over a wide area of the continental rise where slopes angles are often <1°. However, the processes by which these debris flows achieve such long run-outs, affecting tens of thousands of square kilometres of seafloor, are poorly understood. The Saharan debris flow has a run-out of ≈700 km, making it one of the longest debris flows on Earth. For its distal 450 km, it is underlain by a relatively thin and highly sheared basal volcaniclastic layer, which may have provided the low-friction conditions that enabled its extraordinarily long run-out. Between El Hierro Island and the Hijas Seamount on the continental rise, an ≈25- to 40-km-wide topographic gap is present, through which the Saharan debris flow and turbidites from the continental margin and flanks of the Canary Islands passed. Recently, the first deep-towed sonar images have been obtained, showing dramatic erosional and depositional processes operating within this topographic `gap' or `constriction'. These images show evidence for the passage of the Saharan debris flow and highly erosive turbidity currents, including the largest comet marks reported from the deep ocean. Sonar data and a seismic reflection profile obtained 70 km to the east, upslope of the topographic `gap', indicate that seafloor sediments to a depth of ≈30 m have been eroded by the Saharan debris flow to form the basal volcaniclastic layer. Within the topographic `gap', the Saharan debris flow appears to have been deflected by a low (≈20 m) topographic ridge, whereas turbidity currents predating the debris flow appear to have overtopped the ridge. This evidence suggests that, as turbidity currents passed into the topographic constriction, they experienced flow acceleration and, as a result, became highly erosive. Such observations have implications for the mechanics of long run-out debris flows and turbidity currents elsewhere in the deep sea, in particular how such large-scale flows erode the substrate and interact with seafloor topography.

Passage of debris flows and turbidity currents through a topographic constriction: seafloor erosion and deflection of flow pathways

Spatial variations in effective elastic thickness in the Western Pacific Ocean and their implications for Mesozoic volcanism

Seismic refraction and reflection, gravity and well data have been used to constrain the structure and evolution of the Valencia trough: a young extensional basin in the western Mediterranean. Seismic refraction data reveal the present-day crustal structure, while backstripping of seismic reflection and well data reveal the structure at the time of rifting. By comparing the seismically constrained crustal structure to that inferred from backstripping, we have been able to evaluate whether the Moho is in the expected position, given the tectonic subsidence/uplift and sediment loading history of the trough. The best overall fit between the predicted and seismically constrained crustal structure in the trough is for a model in which the extended continental crust and lithosphere has acquired little or no strength following rifting. A low strength is in accord with the observed free-air gravity anomaly as well as results from other types of rift basins such as the North Sea and the continental margin off the east coast of the USA. There are discrepancies between the observed and predicted Moho depths beneath the flanks of the Valencia trough, but they are attributed to either the removal of crustal material during or following rifting (Iberian peninsula), or to orogenic loading of previously extended continental crust (Mallorca). The largest discrepancy (up to 10 km) correlates with the Ebro delta which has prograded into the trough by more than 60 km since the Pliocene. The discrepancy cannot be explained by the same large-scale processes that modified the Moho beneath the trough flanks and requires that the lithosphere beneath the Ebro delta region is associated with a high (60 T c

Anthony Watts

Papers

Electrostatic peptide–lipid interactions of amyloid-β peptide and pentalysine with membrane surfaces monitored by 31P MAS NMR

Gravity anomalies, flexure and mantle rheology seaward of circum-Pacific trenches

Passage of debris flows and turbidity currents through a topographic constriction: seafloor erosion and deflection of flow pathways

Spatial variations in effective elastic thickness in the Western Pacific Ocean and their implications for Mesozoic volcanism

Crustal structure and the mechanical properties of extended continental lithosphere in the Valencia trough (western Mediterranean)