For more than two decades [1,2], Corning has served the community with an annual review of global regulatory and technological advances pertaining to emissions from internal combustion engine (ICE) driven vehicles and machinery. We continue with a review for the year 2020, which will be remembered by COVID and the significant negative impact it had on the industry. However, it also provided a glimpse of the possible improvement in air quality with reduced anthropogenic emissions. It was a year marked by goals set for climate change mitigation via reduced fossil fuel use by the transportation sector. Governments stepped up plans to accelerate the adoption of zero tailpipe emitting vehicles. However, any transformation of the transportation sector is not going to happen overnight due to the scale of the infrastructure and technology challenges. A case in point is China, which announced a technology roadmap which envisions half of the vehicles to be hybrids in 2035. The ICE is clearly expected to be part of the powertrain mix for a long time and as such, solutions are needed to attain near-zero emissions, even with conventional engines. The industry is naturally responding to all of these changes and several technology solutions are being advanced, including improved efficiency, advanced aftertreatment systems, hybridization, low carbon fuels and predictive control strategies. It was also a year of heightened regulatory activity on what could perhaps be the last major regulations on criteria pollutants in advanced markets. California adopted the Low NOx Omnibus rule requiring a 90% reduction in NOx from heavy-duty vehicles. Elements of light-duty LEV IV regulations were discussed, which could culminate in a fleet averaged NMOG + NOx limit of 20 mg/mi. Proposals were made for Euro 7/VII, and several major changes put forth for consideration, including tightening of limits, inclusion of sub-23 nm particles, an emphasis on urban driving and an overall shift in certification based on real-world driving emission measurements with limited allowed exclusions. Limits may be imposed on previously non-regulated species such as NH3 which will drive additional content. Technologies are advancing, both on engines and aftertreatment systems. Light-duty gasoline engines are approaching 45% BTE. Heavy duty diesel engines are approaching 55% BTE. We cover some of the major technologies being pursued to extend these gains. Gasoline particulate filters are now rapidly becoming a mature technology for light-duty vehicles in Europe and China, although the next round of regulations will require a significant increase in filtration efficiency. Concept studies show pathways to reduce gas emissions well below the next proposed limits. A major thrust on the heavy-duty side is to analyze systems capable of meeting the low NOx requirements while also extending durability. We cover the various leading approaches and latest advances in de-NOx technologies. We also briefly touch upon fuels, which will play a critical role, whether in improving efficiency of advanced combustion such as gasoline compression ignition or in their role with reducing greenhouse gas emissions through renewable or synthetic fuels. Finally, as we approach near-zero tailpipe emission levels, non-tailpipe emissions could become a significant fraction of the overall particulate inventory. © 2021 SAE International. All rights reserved.

Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions

Revealing particle venting of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway: A multi-scale model toward multiphase process

Since electric vehicles (EVs) could reduce the growing concerns on environmental pollution issues and relieve the social dependency of fossil fuels, the EVs market is fast increased in recent years. However, a large growth in the number of EVs will bring a great challenge to the present traffic system; thus, an acceptable model is necessary to forecast the sales of EVs in order to better plan the appropriate supply of necessary facilities (e.g., charging stations and sockets in car parks) as well as the electricity required on the road. In this study, we propose a model to predict the sales volume and increase rate of EVs in the world and China, using both statistics and machine learning methods by combining principle component analysis and a general regression neural network, based on the previous 11 years of sales data of EVs. The results indicate that a continuing growth in the sales of EVs will appear in both the world and China in the coming eight years, but the sales increase rate is slowly and continuously deceasing because of the persistent growth of the basic sales volume. The results also indicate that the increase rate of sales of EVs in China is higher than that of the world, and the proportion of sales of EVs in China will increase gradually and will be above 50% in 2025. In this case, large accessory facilities for EVs are required in China in the coming few years.

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Forecast of Electric Vehicle Sales in the World and China Based on PCA-GRNN

For the first time, the critical worldwide problem of prioritizing zero-emission last-mile delivery (LMD) solutions for sustainable city logistics is addressed and solved in this article. It not only aims to help city logistics companies sustainably decarbonize urban freight distribution but also provide valuable practical guidelines. To evaluate zero-emission LMD solutions, this article presents a novel multicriteria group decision-making methodology with dual hesitant fuzzy (DHF) sets. First, we propose some improved operations on DHF elements and investigate their vital properties. Second, based on these operations, we develop DHF improved weighted averaging operator to overcome the drawbacks of the existing operators on DHF sets. Third, for measuring the weights of criteria, a new model called the cross-entropy-based optimization model (CEBOM) is developed. Fourth, for the rational aggregation of the preferences, we formulate a new method namely score-based double normalized measurement alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution (SDNMARCOS). The proposed DNMARCOS method couples the linear and vector normalization techniques. It is composed of the complete compensatory model and the incomplete compensatory model. Thus, SDNMARCOS is more robust compared to the available state-of-the-art approaches. To exhibit the applicability of the proposed DHF-CEBOM-SDNMARCOS methodology in real-world settings, a case study for one of the largest Austrian logistics companies in Serbia is provided. The research findings show that electric light commercial vehicles are the best LMD solution. Also, it is recommended to consider electric cargo bikes as a viable mid-term solution. The superiority of the introduced methodology is demonstrated through the comparative investigation. 

Antonio García

Papers

Life cycle CO₂ footprint reduction comparison of hybrid and electric buses for bus transit networks

Influence of environmental conditions in the battery thermal runaway process of different chemistries: Thermodynamic and optical assessment

Challenges and Opportunities for Application of Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion in Commercially Viable Transport Engines

Electric Vehicles vs e-Fuelled ICE Vehicles: Comparison of potentials for Life Cycle CO2 Emission Reduction

Pathways to achieve future CO2 emission reduction targets for bus transit networks