Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)

CHAPTER 24 – Evolution of Protein Molecules

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

We wish to thank Drs Brian Eigel and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.

Disclosures 



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# Summary {#article-title-2}

Each year, the American Heart Association, in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

Structural characterization of hemoglobin Tacoma.

Excerpt The clinical significance of the deficiency of red-cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was realized when this enzymatic abnormality was found to be the basic lesion responsible ...

Clinical Implications of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

SUMMARY

Among one hundfed and one unrelated Asiatic Indian males living in the Pacific north-west, five G-6-PD-deficient individuals were identified. The enzyme of three of these individuals was indistinguished elctrophoreticaly and biochemically from the Mediterranean type of deficiency. These individuals originated from the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent.



The enzyme of one individual and that of his subsequently studied beother (G-6-PD Kerala) was found to be simialr to G-6-PD Seattle by km G-6-P, km TPN, pH optimum, utilization of 2d-g-6P and Gal-6-P and electrophoretic migration rate in Tris buffer, pH 8.8. Electrophoresis on TEB buffer (pH 8.6) however, showed this variant to be different from G-6-PD Seattle, The desirability of using multiple electrophoretic methods in the elucidation of new variants is emphasized by these observations.



The third abmormal G-6-PD (G-6-PD West Bengal) was unlike other mutations previously described in having higher-than normal km TPN and lower-than-normal km G-6-P and a slow electrophoretic mobilty.



The identification of the Mediterranean type of G-6-PD deficiency in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent, together with histrorical and molecular considerations, suggests affiinities of Mediterranean, Near Eastern, and North-west Indian populations.

Variants of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase among Asiatic Indians.

The proverbial “man in the street” is certain to assert that there are striking differences between individuals in tolerance for alcohol and susceptibility to its effects. It is known that the inebriating effects of alcohol are related to the blood ethanol concentration. The acute metabolic consequences of ethanol in the liver have been studied in some detail, but the metabolic nature of tolerance and cellular adaptation in the central nervous system (CNS) remains obscure.’ For both acute and chronic effects of drinking there are surprisingly few studies on the individual differences so intuitively perceived. Using clinical and pharmacological criteria, alcoholism may be defined as a behavioral disorder in which excessive drinking leads to tolerance, physical dependence, bodily injury, and social opprobrium. For those interested in the biological bases of behavior, alcoholism is a potentially fruitful research problem because the precipitating agent is known and there are millions of affected individuals. TABLE 1 lists several levels at which genetic factors may be expected to play a role in the tctal picture of alcohol use. Susceptibility to intoxicating effects comprises CNS responsiveness and subjective psychological factors, plus possible differences in the metabolism of ethanol. The relationship between acute reponse to alcohol and development of tolerance and dependence is unclear. Are the metabolic processes in the nervous system that underlie cellular adaptation to addicting agents the same for alcohol, barbituates, and opiates? Or different? It is clear that personality factors are influenced by heredity. Somehow, the life experiences of an individual must be incorporated into the chemical processes of the brain. Do the long-term complications of alcoholism-cirrhosis of the liver, Korsakoff psychosis, chronic brain syndromes-occur randomly among alcoholics or only in particular subpopulations of those at risk? In considering such questions, it should be emphasized that the mechanisms underlying alcoholism might be highly heterogeneous, like the mechanism underlying anemia or mental retardation. Thus, metabolic processes leading to susceptibility to alcoholism might be different in different individuals.

A biochemical and genetic approach to alcoholism.

SEVERAL specific genetic lesions may result in congenital methemoglobinemia. Abnormal hemoglobins with mutations affecting alpha or beta globin near the site of heme attachment are found in most ca...

Arno G. Motulsky

Papers

Structural characterization of hemoglobin Tacoma.

Clinical Implications of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Variants of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase among Asiatic Indians.

A biochemical and genetic approach to alcoholism.

Mental Retardation in Methemoglobinemia Due to Diaphorase Deficiency