Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)

CHAPTER 24 – Evolution of Protein Molecules

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

We wish to thank Drs Brian Eigel and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.

Disclosures 



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# Summary {#article-title-2}

Each year, the American Heart Association, in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

Human Embryonic Hæmoglobins

The interrelationships among low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, plasma triglyceride (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are well established and may involve underlying genetic influences. This study evaluated common genetic effects on LDL size, TG, and HDL-C by using data from 85 kindreds participating in the Genetic Epidemiology of Hypertriglyceridemia (GET) Study. A multivariate, maximum likelihood-based approach to quantitative genetic analysis was used to estimate the additive effects of shared genes and shared, unmeasured nongenetic factors on variation in LDL size and in plasma levels of TG and HDL-C. A significant (P<0.001) proportion of the variance in each trait was attributable to the additive effects of genes. Maximum-likelihood estimates of heritability were 0.34 for LDL size, 0.41 for TG, and 0.54 for HDL-C. Significant (P<0.001) additive genetic correlations (rho(G)), indicative of the shared additive effects of genes on pairs of traits, were estimated between all 3 trait pairs: for LDL size and TG rho(G)=-0.87, for LDL size and HDL-C rho(G)=0.65, and for HDL-C and TG rho(G)=-0.54. A similar pattern of significant environmental correlations between the 3 trait pairs was also observed. These results suggest that a large proportion of the well-documented correlations in LDL size, TG, and HDL-C are likely attributable to the influence of the same gene(s) in these families. That is, the gene(s) that may contribute to decreases in LDL size also contribute significantly to higher plasma levels of TG and lower plasma levels of HDL-C. These relationships may be useful in identifying genes responsible for the associations between these phenotypes and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in these families.

Pleiotropic Genetic Effects on LDL Size, Plasma Triglyceride, and HDL Cholesterol in Families

Objective Bornholm eye disease (BED) consists of X-linked high myopia, high cylinder,optic nerve hypoplasia, reduced electroretinographic flicker with abnormalphotopic responses, and deuteranopia. The disease maps to chromosome Xq28and is the first designated high-grade myopia locus (MYP1). We studied a second family from Minnesota with a similar X-linkedphenotype, also of Danish descent. All affected males had protanopia insteadof deuteranopia. Methods X chromosome genotyping, fine-point mapping, and haplotype analysisof the DNA from 22 Minnesota family individuals (8 affected males and 5 carrierfemales) and 6 members of the original family with BED were performed. Haplotypecomparisons and mutation screening of the red-green cone pigment gene arraywere performed on DNA from both kindreds. Results Significant maximum logarithm of odds scores of 3.38 and 3.11 at thetas;= 0.0 were obtained with polymorphic microsatellite markersDXS8106andDXYS154,respectively, in theMinnesota family. Haplotype analysis defined an interval of 34.4 cM at chromosomeXq27.3-Xq28. Affected males had a red-green pigment hybrid gene consistentwith protanopia. We genotyped Xq27-28 polymorphic markers of the family withBED, and narrowed the critical interval to 6.8 cM. The haplotypes of the affectedindividuals were different from those of the Minnesota pedigree. Bornholmeye disease–affected individuals showed the presence of a green-redhybrid gene consistent with deuteranopia. Conclusions Because of the close geographic origin of the 2 families, we expectedaffected individuals to have the same haplotype in the vicinity of the samemutation. Mapping studies, however, suggested independent mutations of thesame gene. The red-green and green-red hybrid genes are common X-linked colorvision defects, and thus are unrelated to the high myopia and other eye abnormalitiesin these 2 families. Clinical Relevance X-linked high myopia with possible cone dysfunction has been mappedto chromosome Xq28 with intervals of 34.4 and 6.8 centimorgan for 2 familiesof Danish origin.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/416371/eog30002.pdf

X-Linked High Myopia Associated With Cone Dysfunction

Interest in the hyperlipidemias comes from their association with coronary heart disease. The high frequency of atherosclerosis in modern Western societies has led to intensive studies in a search for predisposing risk factors. Current data leave little doubt that hypercholesterolemia and probably hypertriglyceridemia are associated with an increased risk for premature coronary atherosclerosis. The mean age of unselected male survivors of myocardial infarction who had monogenic hyperlipidemia (see Table 1 and below) was 52 years as compared with 63 years among patients with myocardial infarction without hyperlipidemia. Similarly, 40 to 80 per cent of patients with coronary heart disease at the age . . .

Current concepts in genetics. The genetic hyperlipidemias.

Among 91 index cases whose diagnosis of a genetic type of hypertriglyceridemia was based on family studies, 27% had diabetes. To determine whether the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia and genetic diabetes mellitus are inherited together or independently, the adult first degree relatives of these propositi were investigated for the presence of diabetes. Frequency of diabetes in first degree relatives of the 25 diabetic patients with a familial form of hypertriglyceridemia was identical whether such relatives were hyperlipidemic or not (13% versus 14.7%). The frequency of diabetes in both the hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic relatives of the 66 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic index cases also was not significantly different from each other (6.2% versus 4.0%). These results indicate that while diabetes is frequently associated with hypertriglyceridemia, genetic hypertriglyceridemia, per se, does not carry an increased risk of diabetes. Following treatment of diabetes, elevated triglyceride levels in index cases with both familial hypertriglyceridemia and untreated diabetes returned to lower but still elevated levels resembling those of affected (hypertriglyceridemic) relatives. Thus, the interaction of untreated diabetes and a familial form of hypertriglyceridemia determines the level of plasma triglyceride in a patient with both disorders.

Arno G. Motulsky

Papers

Human Embryonic Hæmoglobins

Pleiotropic Genetic Effects on LDL Size, Plasma Triglyceride, and HDL Cholesterol in Families

X-Linked High Myopia Associated With Cone Dysfunction

Current concepts in genetics. The genetic hyperlipidemias.

Evidence for diabetes mellitus and genetic forms of hypertriglyceridemia as independent entities.