Xenogeneic immunizations have the advantage of detecting a wide range of antigenic determinants because many commonly occurring proteins have diverged significantly during the course of evolution and are thus antigenic in other species. The broadness of xenogeneic responses, however, means that the antisera they produce are usually complex and require extensive absorptions to make them specific for a single antigen. This problem has now been overcome by generating hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (Kohler & Milstein 1975). These permit dissection ofthe xenogeneic response so that large amounts of individual antibodies can be obtained, each of which recognizes only one of the determinants recognized by a broadly reactive conventional antiserum. Williams et al. (1977) used hybridoma monoclonal antibodies obtained after immunizations of mice with rat cells to study rat cell-surface antigens present on subpopulations of rat lymphocytes, i.e., differentiation antigens. Springer et al. (1978a) and Stern et al. (1978) used a similar approach to study mouse lymphocyte antigens. They prepared monoclonal antibodies by immunizing rats with mouse lymphocytes and showed that these monoclonals recognized previously undetected mouse cell surface determinants including a glycoprotein antigen that appears to be specific for macrophages (Springer et al. 1978b). Trowbridge (1978) also used rat anti-mouse immunizations to generate a monoclonal antibody against the non-polymorphic lymphocyte surface antigen T200.

Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to mouse lymphoid differentiation antigens.

In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping ...

Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on histocompatibility-linked immune response genes. The genetic study of the capacity to form specific immune responses has revealed that the recognition of antigens as immunogens by individual animals and inbred strains is governed by the product of individual dominant genes located in the genome in close relationship with the genes coding for the molecules bearing the major histocompatibility specificities. These genes are termed as “histocompatibility,” or “H-linked Ir genes.” The presence of relevant genes permit immune responses to be formed, characterized by cellular immunity and antibody synthesis against the determinants on the antigens concerned. Three types of antigens are most useful in the identification of H-linked Ir genes: (1) synthetic polypeptides with limited structural heterogeneity; (2) alloantigens that differ slightly from their autologous counterparts, and (3) complex multideterminants antigens administered in limiting immunizing doses in conditions where only the most immunogenic determinants are recognized. Thus, the discovery of specific H-linked Ir genes depends upon experiments wherein the immunological system is presented with a challenge of highly restricted heterogeneity and specificity. The chapter presents a description of the specific immune responses that are under the control of H-linked Ir genes in guinea pigs, mice, and rats.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/175/4019/273.full.pdf

Histocompatibility-Linked Immune Response Genes

Antibody reacting with lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induces these to gather over one pole of the cell. This suggests a possible mechanism for lymphocyte triggering by antigen and raises questions about cell membrane structure.

Redistribution and Pinocytosis of Lymphocyte Surface Immunoglobulin Molecules Induced by Anti-Immunoglobulin Antibody

Studies on cultured rat Schwann cells. I. Establishment of purified populations from cultures of peripheral nerve.

A clear-cut serological differentiation between AKR lymphocytes of thymic and non-thymic origin is reported: these two cell types are antigenically distinct. In newborn mice, the AKR thymic antigen was found at a high concentration only in thymus. In adult mice, the antigen was present at a high level in thymus, all nervous tissues tested, and some leukemias. It was present at much lower levels in lymph node lymphocytes, splenic lymphocytes, appendix, lung, and certain other leukemias, which appeared to be of non-thymic origin. The AKR thymic antigen was present at a high level in thymus and nervous tissues of RF mice, but was absent from thymocytes of sixteen other mouse strains. These sixteen strains possessed the C3HeB/Fe thymic antigen. The distribution of this antigen in neonatal and adult tissues of the strains tested was similar to that of the AKR thymic antigen in AKR mice. No exceptions were found. These results were obtained by use of immune cytolysis, and of a new method for the quantitative treatment of data from absorption experiments.

https://rupress.org/jem/article-pdf/120/3/413/1081667/413.pdf

The akr thymic antigen and its distribution in leukemias and nervous tissues

Derepression of the genome of the cancer cell may explain why certain cancer patients exhibit an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase biochemically and immunologically indistinguishable from human placental alkaline phosphatase.

Immunology and biochemistry of Regan isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in human cancer.

Old, Boyse and Stockert reported the presence of a common iso-antigen (LT) in certain leukaemias of two strains of mice, and in thymus of only one of these strains and one unrelated strain1. Later, the LT iso-antigen was found in normal thymus of eight out of twenty-four strains2. The LT iso-antigen was not detected in the normal tissues examined other than thymus1,2.

Mouse Thymic Iso-antigens

THIS communication concerns the specificity of isoantisera prepared against leukaemic and against thymic lymphocytes of AKR mice, as determined by immune cytolysis1–3. Discovery of a strong antigen associated with the thymic lymphocytes of AKR mice is also reported. A preliminary report has been made4.

Specificity of Isoantisera against Leukæmic and Thymic Lymphocytes

MUCH work has been done on experimental auto-immunization with nervous tissues, and the relation of the resulting pathology to that found in demyelinative diseases of the human nervous system1. Furthermore, the existence of organ-specific lipid haptens has long been recognized; recently, Joffe, Rapport and Graf have identified one of these haptens as a galactocerebroside2. No strain-specific iso-antigens were described by these authors1,2.

/pdf/mouse-nervous-tissue-iso-antigens-6thinzoi11.pdf

Arnold E. Reif

Papers

The akr thymic antigen and its distribution in leukemias and nervous tissues

Immunology and biochemistry of Regan isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in human cancer.

Mouse Thymic Iso-antigens

Specificity of Isoantisera against Leukæmic and Thymic Lymphocytes

Mouse nervous tissue iso-antigens.