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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory

This document represents the first collaboration between 2 organizations-the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the Society of Critical Care Medicine-to describe best practices in nutrition therapy in critically ill children. The target of these guidelines is intended to be the pediatric critically ill patient (>1 month and 2-3 days in a PICU admitting medical, surgical, and cardiac patients. In total, 2032 citations were scanned for relevance. The PubMed/MEDLINE search resulted in 960 citations for clinical trials and 925 citations for cohort studies. The EMBASE search for clinical trials culled 1661 citations. In total, the search for clinical trials yielded 1107 citations, whereas the cohort search yielded 925. After careful review, 16 randomized controlled trials and 37 cohort studies appeared to answer 1 of the 8 preidentified question groups for this guideline. We used the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to adjust the evidence grade based on assessment of the quality of study design and execution. These guidelines are not intended for neonates or adult patients. The guidelines reiterate the importance of nutrition assessment-particularly, the detection of malnourished patients who are most vulnerable and therefore may benefit from timely intervention. There is a need for renewed focus on accurate estimation of energy needs and attention to optimizing protein intake. Indirect calorimetry, where feasible, and cautious use of estimating equations and increased surveillance for unintended caloric underfeeding and overfeeding are recommended. Optimal protein intake and its correlation with clinical outcomes are areas of great interest. The optimal route and timing of nutrient delivery are areas of intense debate and investigations. Enteral nutrition remains the preferred route for nutrient delivery. Several strategies to optimize enteral nutrition during critical illness have emerged. The role of supplemental parenteral nutrition has been highlighted, and a delayed approach appears to be beneficial. Immunonutrition cannot be currently recommended. Overall, the pediatric critical care population is heterogeneous, and a nuanced approach to individualizing nutrition support with the aim of improving clinical outcomes is necessary.

Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.)

Dual-process and dual-system theories in both cognitive and social psychology have been subjected to a number of recently published criticisms. However, they have been attacked as a category, incorrectly assuming there is a generic version that applies to all. We identify and respond to 5 main lines of argument made by such critics. We agree that some of these arguments have force against some of the theories in the literature but believe them to be overstated. We argue that the dual-processing distinction is supported by much recent evidence in cognitive science. Our preferred theoretical approach is one in which rapid autonomous processes (Type 1) are assumed to yield default responses unless intervened on by distinctive higher order reasoning processes (Type 2). What defines the difference is that Type 2 processing supports hypothetical thinking and load heavily on working memory.

/pdf/dual-process-theories-of-higher-cognition-advancing-the-5k4q1zq7ey.pdf

Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate

http://barsaloulab.org/Online_Articles/2003-Barsalou_et_al-TICS-grounding_knowledge.pdf

Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems.

Causal composition allows people to generate new causal relations by combining existing causal knowledge. We introduce a new computational model of such reasoning, the force theory, which holds that people compose causal relations by simulating the processes that join forces in the world, and compare this theory with the mental model theory (Khemlani, Barbey, & Johnson-Laird, 2014) and the causal model theory (Sloman, Barbey, & Hotaling, 2009), which explain causal composition on the basis of mental models and structural equations, respectively. In one experiment, the force theory was uniquely able to account for people’s ability to compose causal relationships from complex animations of real-world events. In three additional experiments, the force theory did as well as or better than the other two theories in explaining the causal compositions people generated from linguistically presented causal relations. Implications for causal learning and the hierarchical structure of causal knowledge are discussed.

/pdf/causal-reasoning-with-forces-47mok4xzns.pdf

Causal reasoning with forces

https://www.decisionneurosciencelab.org/pdfs/Barbey_et_al_2012_b.pdf

Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory

Causal Reasoning from Forces Aron Barbey (abarbey@emoryedu) and Phillip Wolff (pwolff@emoryedu) Department of Psychology, Emory University 532 N Kilgo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA Everyday language suggests we use forces in causal reasoning We say, for example, The force of his argument cannot be denied, or Your argument doesn’t go through, or The social progressive argument has tremendous moral force Recent work in force dynamics suggests how these intuitions might be fleshed out computationally According to force dynamics, people represent causal relationships in terms of configurations of force (Talmy, 1988; Wolff & Zettergren, 2002) One force, F A , is associated with an affector, that is, the entity that acts on another entity Another force, F B , is associated with a patient, the entity that is acted on by the affector A third force, F BA , is the resultant produced from the addition of these forces Various causal concepts entail different configurations of force For example, as shown in Figure 1, in a CAUSE configuration F A and F B are in opposition and the resultant, F BA , is towards the endstate, E The model holds that the affector in the conclusion is based on the affector vector in the 1 st premises, F A , and that the endstate in the conclusion, E C , is based on the endstate from the 2 nd premise The patient vector in the conclusion is based on the patient vectors in the 1 st or 2 nd premises Roughly stated, the force of the patient is towards the endstate, E C, if either F C or F B point toward that endstate, implying that the patient would make progress towards the endstate in the absence of F A  Table 1 Conclusions drawn by participants (N = 19) Fig 1 Causal concepts and their configurations The predictions of the model were tested in a replication of Goldvarg and Johnson-Laird’s (2001) Experiment 4 Participants reviewed sixteen syllogisms that involved psychological terms (eg, obedience causes motivation, motivation causes eccentricity) Participants indicated what, if anything, followed Table 1 shows the conclusion predicted by the transitive dynamics model along with the number of participants choosing that conclusion As can be seen, the model predicted the modal response for all but one of the arguments, prevent-prevent Here we believe participants’ modal response, “prevents,” was influenced by atmosphere of the argument The results also replicated the findings of Goldvarg and Johnson-Laird (2001), except for three arguments, but it is for these three arguments that the predictions of our model differ from those of Goldvarg and Johnson-Laird’s In sum, the results demonstrate how reasoning might be accomplished through chains of forces The transitive dynamics model specifies how these configurations of force are combined to generate conclusions Consider the inference problems in Figure 2 Fig 2 Transitive arguments and configurations of force The model holds that people use the resultant of the 1 st premise as the affector vector in the 2 nd premise in the case of CAUSE and ENABLE relations, but not PREVENT relations In the case of PREVENT relations, the magnitude of the resultant may equal 0, so the model holds that in the case of PREVENT relations, people use the force of patient in the 1 st premise, F B , as the affector vector in the 2 nd premise These common forces (either F BA or F B ) connect the premises and allow the forces between them to be oriented with respect to one another References Goldvarg, E, & Johnson-Laird, P (2001) Naive causality: A mental model theory of causal meaning and reasoning Cognitive Science, 25, 565-610 Talmy, L (1988) Force dynamics in language and cognition Cognitive Science, 12, 49-100 Wolff, P, & Zettergren, M (2002) A vector model of causal meaning Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp 944- 949) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

/pdf/causal-reasoning-from-forces-49icbw9xe8.pdf

Causal Reasoning from Forces

In recent years, theoretical perspectives on posterior parietal function have evolved beyond the traditional visuospatial processing models to include more diverse cognitive operations, such as long-term and working memory. However, definitive neuropsychological evidence supporting the superior parietal lobule's purported role in working memory has been lacking. Here, we studied human brain lesion patients to determine whether the superior parietal lobule is indeed necessary for working memory. We assessed a wide range of memory functions in three participant groups: superior parietal lesions (n = 19), lesions not involving superior parietal cortex (n = 146), and no brain lesions (n = 55). Superior parietal damage was reliably associated with deficits on tests involving the manipulation and rearrangement of information in working memory, but not on working memory tests requiring only rehearsal and retrieval processes, nor on tests of long-term memory. These results indicate that superior parietal cortex is critically important for the manipulation of information in working memory.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/29/47/14980.full.pdf

Aron K. Barbey

Papers

Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems.

Causal reasoning with forces

Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory

Causal Reasoning from Forces

Superior parietal cortex is critical for the manipulation of information in working memory.